THERMODYNAMICS,THE BRANCH,SCIENCE,CONCERNED,HEAT,TEMPERATURE,RELATION,ENERGY,WORK,BEHAVIOR,GOVERNED,FOUR LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS,COMPOSITION,SPECIFIC PROPERTIES,THE MATERIAL,SYSTEM,QUESTION,THE LAWS,EXPLAINED,TERMS,MICROSCOPIC,STATISTICAL MECHANICS,WIDE,VARIETY,TOPICS,SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL,ENGINEERING,MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,HISTORICALLY,DEVELOPED,DESIRE,INCREASE,EFFICIENCY,STEAM ENGINE,PARTICULARLY,THE WORK,FRENCH,PHYSICIST,NICOLAS,SADI,CARNOT,BELIEVED,ENGINE EFFICIENCY,THE KEY,HELP,FRANCE,THE NAPOLEONIC WARS,SCOTTISH,LORD KELVIN,CONCISE,DEFINITION OF,INITIAL,APPLICATION,MECHANICAL,ENGINES,EARLY ON,THE STUDY,CHEMICAL,SYSTEMS,CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS,NATURE,THE ROLE,ENTROPY,THE PROCESS,REACTION,BULK,EXPANSION,THE FIELD,FORMULATIONS,DECADES,STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS,ITSELF,STATISTICAL,PREDICTIONS,THE COLLECTIVE,MOTION,PARTICLES,PRESENTED,MATHEMATICAL,APPROACH,AXIOMATIC,FORMULATION,DESCRIPTION,GEOMETRICAL,STARTING POINT,PRINCIPLES,BASIS,THE FIRST LAW,PHYSICAL SYSTEMS,THE SECOND LAW,DEFINES,THE EXISTENCE,QUANTITY,QUANTIFICATION,THE STATE,ORDER OF,NOTION,USEFUL WORK,PERFORMED,INTERACTIONS BETWEEN,CATEGORIZED,CENTRAL,CONCEPTS,SURROUNDINGS,WHOSE,AVERAGE,DEFINE,PROPERTIES,TURN,RELATED,EQUATIONS OF STATE,EXPRESS,INTERNAL ENERGY,THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS,USEFUL,DETERMINING,CONDITIONS,EQUILIBRIUM,SPONTANEOUS PROCESS,TOOLS,BE USED TO,DESCRIBE,RESPOND,CHANGES,ENVIRONMENT,PHASE TRANSITIONS,CHEMICAL REACTIONS,TRANSPORT PHENOMENA,BLACK HOLES,RESULTS,ESSENTIAL,FIELDS,PHYSICS,CHEMISTRY,CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,AEROSPACE ENGINEERING,CELL BIOLOGY,BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING,MATERIALS SCIENCE,ECONOMICS,NAME,ARTICLE,FOCUSED,ON CLASSICAL,THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM,NON EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS,THE CLASSICAL,THE HISTORY OF,SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE,GENERALLY,BEGINS,OTTO,VON GUERICKE,THE WORLDS FIRST,VACUUM PUMP,VACUUM,MAGDEBURG HEMISPHERES,GUERICKE,DRIVEN,ORDER,DISPROVE,ARISTOTLE,SUPPOSITION,NATURE ABHORS A VACUUM,THE ENGLISH,CHEMIST,ROBERT BOYLE,LEARNED,DESIGNS,COORDINATION,ENGLISH,SCIENTIST,ROBERT HOOKE,AIR PUMP,PUMP,BOYLE,HOOKE,CORRELATION,PRESSURE,VOLUME,IN TIME,BOYLES LAW,INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL,ASSOCIATE,DENIS PAPIN,STEAM DIGESTER,CLOSED,VESSEL,STEAM,HIGH PRESSURE,RELEASE,VALVE,KEPT,THE MACHINE,EXPLODING,WATCHING,MOVE UP,DOWN,THE IDEA,PISTON,CYLINDER ENGINE,FOLLOW THROUGH,DESIGN,ENGINEER,THOMAS SAVERY,ENGINE,THOMAS NEWCOMEN,INEFFICIENT,ATTENTION,LEADING,SCIENTISTS,FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF,HEAT CAPACITY,LATENT HEAT,NECESSARY,DEVELOPMENT OF,PROFESSOR,JOSEPH BLACK,THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW,JAMES WATT,EMPLOYED,INSTRUMENT,MAKER,BLACK,WATT,EXPERIMENTS,EXTERNAL,CONDENSER,DRAWING,PREVIOUS,FATHER,PUBLISH,REFLECTIONS ON THE MOTIVE,POWER,FIRE,DISCOURSE,ON HEAT,THE PAPER,ENERGETIC,RELATIONS BETWEEN,CARNOT ENGINE,CARNOT CYCLE,MOTIVE POWER,MARKED,START,MODERN SCIENCE,TEXTBOOK,WRITTEN IN,WILLIAM RANKINE,TRAINED,CIVIL,LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS,SIMULTANEOUSLY,THE WORKS,RUDOLF CLAUSIUS,WILLIAM THOMSON LORD KELVIN,THE FOUNDATIONS OF,PHYSICISTS,JAMES CLERK MAXWELL,LUDWIG BOLTZMANN,MAX PLANCK,WILLARD GIBBS,THE YEARS,THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL,JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS,PUBLISHED,PAPERS,FAMOUS,ON THE EQUILIBRIUM OF,THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES,THE ENERGY,THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM,MANNER,DETERMINE,PROCESS,PIERRE DUHEM,THE CENTURY,THE EARLY,CHEMISTS,GILBERT N LEWIS,MERLE RANDALL,MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF,GIBBS,ANALYSIS,ETYMOLOGY,SPELLED,ADJECTIVE,THERMO,DYNAMIC,NOUN,THERMO DYNAMICS,THE SCIENCE OF,GENERALIZED,AMERICAN,BIOPHYSICIST,DONALD,CLAIMS,THE GREEK,ROOT,THERME,MEANING,DYNAMIS,PIERRE,TERM,JAMES JOULE,DESIGNATE,RELATIONS BETWEEN HEAT,JOULE,NEVER,PERFECT,REFERENCE,PHRASEOLOGY,FUNCTIONAL,WILLIAM THOMSON,PAPER,ACCOUNT,THEORY OF,BRANCHES,MODEL,THEORETICAL,EXPERIMENTAL,CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS,MACROSCOPIC,EMPIRICAL,MEASURABLE,THE LABORATORY,USED TO,ENERGY WORK,ON THE LAWS,CLASSICAL,FACT,DESCRIPTIVE,LEVEL,PARAMETERS,MEASURED,UNDERSTANDING,INTERPRETATION OF,ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR,THEORIES,QUANTUM MECHANICAL,FIELD,ATOMS,MOLECULES,MATERIALS,HUMAN SCALE,EXPLAINING,NATURAL,STATISTICS,CLASSICAL MECHANICS,QUANTUM THEORY,PHYSICAL CHANGE,STATE WITHIN,EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS,STUDY,TRANSFORMATIONS,MATTER,THE WORD,STATE,BALANCE,EQUILIBRIUM STATE,POTENTIALS,DRIVING,THE SYSTEM,WELL DEFINED,SUBJECT TO,ONCE,REACHED,BRANCH,DEALS,DISCONTINUOUSLY,FLUX,NON EQUILIBRIUM,GENERAL,TODAY,BEYOND,THE SCOPE,SET OF FOUR,LAWS,VALID,FALL WITHIN,THE VARIOUS,DESCRIPTIONS,ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS,THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM,EACH OTHER,STATEMENT,EQUIVALENCE RELATION,THE SET,CONSIDERATION,SAID TO,BE IN,RANDOM,BROWNIAN MOTION,DO NOT,LEAD,CHANGE,LAW,MEASUREMENT,THUS,SEEKS,DECIDE,TWO BODIES,CONTACT,MEASURE,OBSERVABLE,THE LAW,JUSTIFICATION,CONSTRUCTION OF,PRACTICAL,THERMOMETERS,ZEROTH,THERMODYNAMICAL EQUILIBRIUM,THE OTHER,THE FIRST SECOND,PRIOR,COMMON,ACCEPTANCE,THE PHYSICS,COMMUNITY,IMPORTANCE,THE DEFINITION OF,IMPRACTICABLE,RENUMBER,HENCE,FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS,ISOLATED SYSTEM,CONSTANT,THE FIRST LAW OF,EXPRESSION,THE PRINCIPLE,CONSERVATION OF ENERGY,CHANGED,FROM ONE,CANNOT,SAYING,THE CHANGE,EQUAL