NUCLEAR PHYSICS NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY NUCLEAR FISSION NUCLEAR REACTION RADIOACTIVE DECAY PROCESS NUCLEUS ATOM SPLITS SMALLER PARTS FISSION FREE NEUTRON GAMMA PHOTON AMOUNT ENERGY ENERGETIC STANDARDS HEAVY ELEMENTS DISCOVERED GERMAN OTTO HAHN ASSISTANT FRITZ STRASSMANN EXPLAINED THEORETICALLY LISE MEITNER NEPHEW OTTO ROBERT FRISCH FRISCH THE PROCESS ANALOGY BIOLOGICAL LIVING CELLS EXOTHERMIC REACTION RELEASE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION KINETIC ENERGY THE FRAGMENTS HEAT BULK MATERIAL TAKES ORDER PRODUCE TOTAL BINDING ENERGY ELEMENTS MUST LESS NEGATIVE NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION FRAGMENTS ELEMENT THE ORIGINAL MASS RATIO ABOUT TO COMMON FISSILE ISOTOPE BINARY TIMES POSITIVELY CHARGED TERNARY FISSION RANGES SIZE PROTON ARGON APART NATURAL SPONTANEOUS FISSION KURCHATOV CONFIRM BOMBARDMENT RATE URANIUM INDEED NEGLIGIBLE PREDICTED NIELS BOHR COMPOSITION OF BROAD SOMEWHAT CHAOTIC DISTINGUISHES PROTON EMISSION ALPHA DECAY CLUSTER DECAY GIVE NUCLEAR POWER THE EXPLOSION NUCLEAR WEAPON USES POSSIBLE CERTAIN NUCLEAR FUEL UNDERGO TURN EMIT NEUTRONS BREAK NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION NUCLEAR REACTOR OR AT RAPID FREE MILLIONS SIMILAR CHEMICAL FUEL GASOLINE DENSE SOURCE OF ENERGY AVERAGE RADIOACTIVE NORMALLY RISE NUCLEAR WASTE ACCUMULATION POTENTIAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS DESIRABLE ONGOING POLITICAL DEBATE NEUTRON TYPE RARE EXCEPT HEAVY ENGINEERED NUCLEAR DEVICES RESULTS COLLISION SUBATOMIC PARTICLES NUCLEAR REACTIONS SUBATOMIC PARTICLE ATOMIC NUCLEUS CAUSES CHANGES THUS DRIVEN THE MECHANICS CONSTANT EXPONENTIAL DECAY CHARACTERISTIC SOMETIMES GENERAL CHAIN REACTION EVENT TRIGGER CAUSE CHEMICAL ELEMENT ISOTOPES SUSTAIN SAID TO FISSILE NUCLEAR FUELS ISOTOPE ATOMIC MASS NUCLEAR PLUTONIUM FUELS BIMODAL RANGE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ATOMIC MASSES CENTERING FISSION PRODUCTS ALPHA BETA DECAY PERIODS MILLENNIA EONS MAJORITY EVENTS ITSELF PRIOR NUCLEAR EXCITATION CAPTURES NEUTRON CAPTURE ATTRACTIVE NUCLEAR FORCE ACTING ENOUGH TO THE POINT EXCEED HOLD COMPLETE SEPARATION IRREVERSIBLE GREATER FISSIONABLE FAST NUCLEAR FUSION THERMONUCLEAR WEAPONS THE LIQUID DROP MODEL OUTCOME THE MORE SOPHISTICATED NUCLEAR SHELL MODEL EXPLAIN THE ROUTE ENERGETICALLY FISSION PRODUCT SMALLER THAN THEORY OF ON SHELL MODEL MARIA GOEPPERT MAYER THE BINARY SO SMALL CHARGE FRAGMENT ALPHA PARTICLES LONG RANGE PLUS TRITIUM ENDS GAS THE FUEL RODS MODERN INPUT ELECTRON VOLT HOLDS SPHERICAL NEARLY PEANUT SHAPE LOBES ABLE CONTINUE EACH OTHER PUSHED POSITIVE CHARGE ONCE CRITICAL DISTANCE BEYOND SHORT STRONG FORCE LONGER THE ENERGY ELECTROMAGNETIC REPULSION MOVING AWAY HIGH SIMPLE BINDING EXTRA THE STRONG FORCE FISSION CROSS SECTION LESS THAN ONE SLOW FRACTION INCOMING INCREASINGLY AS IT THERMONUCLEAR WEAPON THE FAST CANNOT EXTENT MODE MEDIAN MEANING HALF LESS THAN ACTINIDE ELEMENTS ODD NUMBER BIND EVEN NUMBER AVAILABLE MECHANISM PAIRING EXTRA ENERGY THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE OCCUPY NUCLEAR ORBITAL THE LAST FOR ALL NECESSARY ABSORPTION VARIETY MODERATED FAST NEUTRON REACTOR SUBGROUP POTENTIALLY CAUSING PURE TWO HUNDRED FOR EACH EXACT WHETHER NOT IT IMPACT SEEN THE CURVE OF BINDING ENERGY ACTINIDE NUCLIDES BEGINNING LOOKING LEFT ACTINIDES NUCLEON SLOW NEUTRON YIELDS IDENTICAL PROFILE TRUE THORIUM THE VARIOUS MINOR ACTINIDES CHEMICAL OXIDATION BURNING COAL USABLE GAMMA RAY CONVERTED PARTICLES GAMMA RAYS ATOMS MAKE UP REACTOR ITS WORKING FLUID WATER HEAVY WATER SALT DAUGHTER PERCENT THE MASS APPEARS MEAN FLY THE SPEED OF LIGHT COULOMB FISSION REACTION PROMPT PHOTONS FIGURE MEANS EXPLOSION CRITICALITY ACCIDENT EMITS GAMMA RADIATION THE REST ALMOST IMMEDIATELY THIS HEAT SERVE RAISE TEMPERATURE THE BOMB CORE KELVIN SECONDARY EMISSION SOFT CONVERT IONIZING RADIATION REMAINS LITTLE NEUTRON BOMB RELY STAGE THE EXTRA DYNAMICS PURE FISSION BOMBS ALWAYS YIELD TOTAL ENERGY EVENTUALLY OVER TIME BETA DECAYS BEGIN DELAYED DIVIDED ANTINEUTRINO SAME TIME GAMMA EMISSION EXCITED IONIZING BETA RAY FOR SOME UP TO STEADY STATE CONCENTRATIONS SUCH THAT DECAY EQUAL TO RATE OF FORMATION CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS GAMMAS BETAS PRODUCTION OUTPUT SUDDENLY SHUT DOWN SCRAM DECAY HEAT BEGINS FULL FISSION POWER THE DECAY POWER FAR LESS THE REMAINDER PRACTICAL REASON CAPTURED MATERIAL MATERIALS INTERPLANETARY SPACE NEUTRINO CLASSED THEREFORE VERY RARE ALMOST ALL BETA REACTOR CORE SHIELDING FINALLY YIELDING EXAMPLE BREED ON THE OTHER HAND DELAYED NEUTRONS CONTROL REACTION TIME DOUBLE THE REACTION RUN IN ZONE CYCLE PROMPT CRITICAL INCREASE FASTER HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL RUN AWAY DANGEROUS OPERATORS SHUT DOWN DESIGNER ENRICO FERMI CONTROL RODS SUSPENDED DROP THE CENTER CHICAGO PREFERENCE CHARGE DISTRIBUTION MASS NUMBER ATTRIBUTED NUCLEON PAIR BREAKING COMBINATION LIGHTER EQUAL DAUGHTER NUCLEUS THE OTHER PRODUCT CLOSER MINIMUM QUARTER FAR OUT THE RANGE BOUND STATEMENT CURVE STEEPER TO THE LEFT THE RIGHT ATOMIC NUMBER CLOSE GREATER THAN BROKEN REST FUEL EXCESS MASS INVARIANT MASS PHOTON EQUIVALENCE FORMULA E VARIATION INTERPLAY FUNDAMENTAL FORCE COMPONENT ELECTROSTATIC ACTS IT FOLLOWS YUKAWA POTENTIAL INSIGNIFICANT DIAMETER REACH POINT