ELEPHANTS MAMMALS THE FAMILY ELEPHANTIDAE THE ORDER PROBOSCIDEA SPECIES TRADITIONALLY THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT ASIAN ELEPHANT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS AFRICAN BUSH ELEPHANT AFRICAN FOREST ELEPHANT SCATTERED AFRICA SOUTH ASIA SOUTHEAST ASIA THE ONLY SURVIVING FAMILY GOMPHOTHERE MAMMOTH MASTODON MALE AFRICAN ELEPHANTS LARGEST EXTANT TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL REACH HEIGHT WEIGH DISTINCTIVE FEATURES TRUNK PROBOSCIS PARTICULARLY LIFTING WATER INCISOR GROW SERVE WEAPONS TOOLS MOVING FLAPS HELP CONTROL BODY TEMPERATURE PILLAR LEGS CARRY EARS BACKS ASIAN ELEPHANTS SMALLER CONVEX LEVEL HERBIVOROUS HABITATS SAVANNA DESERTS MARSH PREFER KEYSTONE SPECIES IMPACT OTHER ANIMALS KEEP DISTANCE PREDATORS LION TIGER HYENA WILD DOGS TARGET YOUNG CALVES FEMALES COWS TO LIVE FAMILY CONSIST FEMALE RELATED MATRIARCH SOCIETY MULTIPLE COME TOGETHER MALES BULLS LEAVE ALONE ADULT INTERACT LOOKING MATE ENTER STATE TESTOSTERONE AGGRESSION MUSTH GAIN DOMINANCE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS THE CENTRE OF ATTENTION RELY MOTHERS UP TO IN THE WILD COMMUNICATE BY TOUCH SOUND INFRASOUND SEISMIC COMMUNICATION ELEPHANT INTELLIGENCE PRIMATE CETACEA APPEAR SHOW EMPATHY DYING DEAD INDIVIDUALS THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION NATURE CLASSED ENDANGERED THREATS POPULATIONS IVORY TRADE THE ANIMALS IVORY WILD HABITAT DESTRUCTION LOCAL WORKING ANIMAL THE PAST WAR PUT ON DISPLAY ENTERTAINMENT CIRCUSES LITERATURE POPULAR CULTURE THE WORD LATIN ELEPHAS GENITIVE LATINISED THE GREEK PROBABLY PHOENICIAN MYCENAEAN GREEK LINEAR B SYLLABIC SCRIPT HOMER WORD MEAN HERODOTUS APPEARS MIDDLE ENGLISH OLD FRENCH OLIPHANT LOXODONTA GENERIC NAME GREEK TOOTH BELONG TO SOLE SIRENIA DUGONG MANATEE HYRAX SHARE CLADE PAENUNGULATA SUPERORDER AFROTHERIA SIRENIANS TETHYTHERIA SOUTH ABDOMEN THE TIP THE TRUNK SAGS THE MIDDLE LOOPED RIDGES DORSAL BUMPS PATCHES DEPIGMENTATION ASIAN SWEDISH ZOOLOGIST CARL LINNAEUS GENUS SRI LANKA MAXIMUS GEORGES CUVIER CLASSIFIED INDIAN ELEPHANT DUTCH COENRAAD JACOB TEMMINCK SUMATRAN ELEPHANT ENGLISH FREDERICK NUTTER CHASEN SUBSPECIES GEOGRAPHICALLY COLOUR AMOUNT SRI LANKAN ELEPHANT NATIVE MAINLAND ASIA INDIAN SUBCONTINENT INDOCHINA DISPUTED BORNEO ELEPHANT LIVES NORTHERN BORNEO SMALLER THAN THE OTHER LONGER TUSKS SRI LANKAN PAULES EDWARD PIERIS DERANIYAGALA ELEPHAS MAXIMUS BORNEENSIS TAKING TYPE ILLUSTRATION NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SUBSEQUENTLY RESULTS GENETIC ANALYSIS ANCESTORS THE MAINLAND POPULATION STUDY INDIGENOUS THE ISLAND THE SULTAN SULU JAVA GERMAN NATURALIST JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH IN AS BELIEVED CUVIER SPELLED ANONYMOUS AUTHOR ROMANISED SPELLING THE INTERNATIONAL CODE ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE PROPER AFRICAN ELEPHANT HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN DATA REDUCED NUMBER SAVANNAH BUSH ELEPHANT THE FOREST MORE ROUNDED THINNER LIMITED FORESTED AREAS WESTERN CENTRAL AFRICA ELEVATION TWO FORMS DIFFERENCES SKULL DNA PUBLISHED DISTINCT AFRICAN FOREST ELEPHANTS STATUS MILLION YEARS AGO THE THIRD EDITION MAMMAL SPECIES OF THE WORLD LISTS FULL ENTRY LOXODONTA AFRICANA APPROACH TAKEN THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING SYNONYM WESTERN AFRICA PYGMY ELEPHANT CONGO BASIN WHOSE SIZE MATURITY EXTINCT MAJOR ERITHERIUM PHOSPHATHERIUM LATE PALEOCENE EOCENE NUMIDOTHERIUM MOERITHERIUM BARYTHERIUM ANIMALS LATER ON GENERA PHIOMIA PALAEOMASTODON FORESTS OPEN PROBOSCIDEAN DIVERSITY DECLINED EPOCH ERITREUM MELAKEGHEBREKRISTOSI THE HORN OF AFRICA ANCESTOR THE BEGINNING OF MIOCENE SAW DIVERSIFICATION APPEARANCE LIVED IN AFRICA ERITREUM SPREAD NORTH RADIATION EMERGENCE EVOLVED CONTINENT EXCEPT AUSTRALIA GROUP GOMPHOTHERIUM PLATYBELODON THE ARRIVAL GOMPHOTHERES PRIMELEPHAS GOMPHOTHEROIDES GAVE RISE MAMMUTHUS PLIOCENE THE EARLY REACHED SAME TIME EVOLVE THE AMERICAN AT THE BEGINNING PLEISTOCENE EXPERIENCED HIGH RATE SPECIATION LOXODONTA ATLANTICA COMMON SPECIES SOUTHERN AFRICA ELEPHAS IOLENSIS DISAPPEARED DOMINANT ONCE AGAIN THIS TIME THE MODERN SEVERAL SPECIES WOOLLY MAMMOTH LATE PLEISTOCENE VANISHED QUATERNARY GLACIATION KILLED OFF WEIGHING PROBOSCIDEANS INCREASE GIANT STOOD MEGAHERBIVORE SAUROPOD DINOSAUR DEVELOPED TO SURVIVE VEGETATION NUTRITIONAL VALUE FEET SHORTER MANDIBLE ADVANCED ONES MANDIBLES THE HEADS CENTRE OF GRAVITY THE SKULL THE NECK SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT ELONGATION THE MOBILE PREMOLAR THE CHEEK TEETH PREMOLARS SWITCH CAUSED UNDERGO SUBSTANTIAL MULTIPLICATION LAMELLAE THE LAST RETURN DIET CONSISTING OF TREES UPPER SHAPE CURVED UPWARD RETAIN CERTAIN FEATURES ANCESTRY MIDDLE EAR ANATOMY INTERNAL TESTES DEBATE THE RELATIONSHIP POINT ANALYSIS COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME PROFILE SISTER TAXA PROTEIN ALBUMIN COLLAGEN TO EACH SCIENTISTS BELIEVE CLONED EMBRYO ONE DAY ISLANDS INSULAR DWARFISM DWARF EXIST LACK PREDATOR DEVELOP GIGANTISM INDONESIA THE CHANNEL ISLANDS CALIFORNIA MEDITERRANEAN ELEPHAS CELEBENSIS SULAWESI ELEPHAS PLANIFRONS ELEPHAS FALCONERI MALTA SICILY DESCENDANTS EXISTED IN CYPRUS UNCERTAIN DESCENT CRETE CYCLADES DODECANESE DWARF MAMMOTHS SARDINIA THE COLUMBIAN COLONISED PYGMY MAMMOTH WOOLLY MAMMOTHS WRANGEL ISLAND SIBERIAN RECENTLY YEARS AGO DISCO