HUMMINGBIRDS NEW WORLD BIRD THE FAMILY TROCHILIDAE SPECIES MEASURING EXTANT THE BEE HUMMINGBIRD WEIGHING LESS THAN PENNY THE HUMMING SOUND BEATING WING FLAP HIGH AUDIBLE HUMAN HOVER RAPID TIMES TO FLY SPEEDS HIGHEST METABOLISM HOMEOTHERMIC CONSERVE ENERGY FOOD FORAGING TORPOR STATE SIMILAR HIBERNATION SLOWING METABOLIC RATE NORMAL FAMILY ANALYSIS WORLDS DIVERSIFICATION MILLION YEARS AGO FALL NINE CLADES MANGOES MOUNTAIN DEFINING RELATIONSHIP NECTAR FLOWERING PLANTS THE BIRDS SPREAD GEOGRAPHIC DEPEND FLOWER FUEL METABOLISMS CHANGES BILL SHAPE THE FORMATION OF EVOLUTION COEXIST THE ANDES MOUNTAINS EVOLUTIONARY TREE SHOWS ANCESTRAL SPLITTING INSECTIVOROUS SWIFTS TREESWIFT HEMIPROCNIDAE PROBABLY EURASIA EVOLUTIONARY FACTOR APPEARS ALTERED TASTE RECEPTOR SEEK CURRENT SOUTH AMERICA CONDITIONS APPEAR PARTICULARLY RICH ENVIRONMENT SIMULTANEOUSLY UPLIFT THE PAST MILLION YEARS DYNAMIC ECOLOGICAL REGIONS SOUTH NORTH CARIBBEAN EVOLUTIONARY RADIATION GEOGRAPHIC REGION PLANT POLLINATION TRUE ENSIFERA MOST EXTREME FOOD PLANT SECTION EXHIBIT SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM RENSCHS RULE MALES SMALLER THAN FEMALES EXTENT SEXUAL SIZE DIFFERENCE CLADE SIZE DIMORPHISM CONVERSELY DISPLAYS LITTLE BEAK PRESENT MALE AND FEMALE CURVED BEAKS TALL DIFFERENCES EVOLVED COURTSHIP MATING MALE COMPLEX AERIAL MANEUVERS TERMS CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FORAGE COMPETITIVELY SEXUAL SELECTION SMALLER FEMALE LONGER ACCESS EFFECTIVE REACH FLOWERS THUS THE ENERGY BODY SIZE DIRECTIONAL SELECTION CAUSE COMPETITION SEXES DRIVE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM SEX HOLDS TERRITORY ADVANTAGEOUS THE OTHER ABLE FEED WIDE VARIETY DECREASING INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION DO NOT HOLD LEK MATING SHORTER BILLS RESOURCES THEREFORE MUST ORDER RANGE NECTARIVORE TIED ORNITHOPHILOUS SHAPES SMALL NUMBER PLANTS POLLINATED PRODUCE SHADES OF RED BRIGHT CAN SEE WAVELENGTH COLOR SPECTRUM INSECT NECTAR ROBBING WEAK SUGARS PROPORTION SUCROSE CONCENTRATED FRUCTOSE GLUCOSE PHAETHORNIS LONGIROSTRIS HERMIT DAGGER WEAPON THE BEAK SECONDARY SEXUAL TRAIT AREAS TRADITIONAL TAXONOMY THE ORDER APODIFORMES THE SWIFTS TAXONOMISTS BONES HOLLOW FOSSILIZATION LEAVING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY POORLY DOCUMENTED SCIENTISTS SPECIES DIVERSITY POSSIBLE ANCESTORS LIVED PARTS EUROPE SOUTHERN RUSSIA TAXONOMIC DIVIDED SUBFAMILIES TROCHILINAE RECENT PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES DIVISION MAJOR JACOBINS THE GIANT PATAGONA GIGAS SPLIT THE REST THE HUMMINGBIRDS NUMBER OF SPECIES THE TYRANT FOSSIL PLEISTOCENE BRAZIL THE BAHAMAS NEITHER SCIENTIFICALLY SUBFOSSILS EXTANT SPECIES RECENTLY OLDER IDENTIFIABLE GERALD SENCKENBERG MUSEUM FRANKFURT AM MAIN IDENTIFIED PRIMITIVE UNEXPECTED EUROPEAN SITTING MUSEUM DRAWER STUTTGART UNEARTHED CLAY PIT WIESLOCH GERMANY NEVER OUTSIDE CLOSER LOOK BIRDS EXTINCT MESSEL PIT THE CAUCASUS DATING THE SPLIT INDEED CLIMATE NORTHERN CHINA THAT TIME MYSTERY THE PRESENT TIME THE MODERN ASTOUNDING ADAPTATIONS DECREASE DISPERSAL THE AMERICAS EXTINCTION TIMESPAN RESULTS RADIATION SOUTH AMERICAN MIOCENE NORTHERN ANDES WYOMING PREDECESSOR GENERA ALPHABETICALLY COMMON NAME NAVIGATIONAL NEEDS VISUAL PROCESSING FLIGHT DEVELOPMENT OF DENSE ARRAY RETINA SPATIAL RESOLUTION LATERAL FRONTAL VISUAL FIELD NEURONAL HYPERTROPHY LARGEST BRAIN REGION PRETECTAL NUCLEUS REFINING SENSITIVE DIRECTION VISUAL FIELDS CHANGE BODY POSITION ORIENT THE HEAD SENSITIVITY MINIMAL MOTION ADVANTAGE PRECISELY IN PLACE NATURAL EXCEPTION INSECTS IN FLIGHT ANIMALS NECESSITY SUPPORT THE RAPID WINGS FAST FORWARD HEART RATE BEATS PER MINUTE ONCE MEASURED BREATHING RATE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION PER GRAM MUSCLE TISSUE HIGHER ELITE RARE VERTEBRATES ABILITY INGESTED ENERGETICALLY UP TO DRINK ATHLETES MINUTES DATA SUGAR MUSCLES RATES HIGH ENOUGH SATISFY EXTREME RESERVE LIMITED FAT STORES SUSTAIN OVERNIGHT FASTING POWER RELEVANT THE QUESTION CROSS THE GULF OF MEXICO NONSTOP FLIGHT FUEL RESERVE HENCE INCREASING POTENTIAL FLYING OPEN DYNAMIC RANGE PARALLEL KIDNEY FUNCTION HIGH WATER INTAKE TOTAL THE BODY KIDNEYS PROCESS WATER GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE PROPORTIONAL BRIEF PERIODS WATER DEPRIVATION NIGHTTIME BODY WATER UNIQUE CONTROL ELECTROLYTE SODIUM CHLORIDE KIDNEY GLOMERULAR STRUCTURES VARIATIONS MINERAL ANNAS HUMMINGBIRD CAPILLARY DENSITY CLOSE NEPHRON REGULATION TURBULENT AIRFLOW EXPERIMENTALLY WIND TUNNEL STABLE POSITIONS WIND AMPLITUDE STROKES PLANE ANGLE THE COLLECTIVE SURFACE AREA TAIL FEATHERS VISUAL SYSTEM SEPARATES THE BIRD MOVING TOWARD CAUSED COMPETITOR SETTINGS VISUAL COORDINATION VISION CONSISTING OF WHISTLES SONGS SEVEN FOREBRAIN GENETIC EXPRESSION VOCAL LEARNING ACQUIRE SONGBIRDS MAMMALS WHALES AND DOLPHINS BATS ORDERS SINGING STRONG EPIGENETIC DERIVED SONG OSCINE FREQUENCY RANGE FUNCTION ALTERNATE CLICKS DISRUPT PREDATION SLOW AT NIGHT OR AT AVAILABLE ENTER PREVENT FALLING CRITICAL LEVEL BODY TEMPERATURE HEART DRAMATICALLY DAYTIME DEHYDRATION BODY MASS DECLINES NOCTURNAL WEIGHT LOSS HORMONE CORTICOSTERONE SIGNAL DURATION WHETHER DOMINANT DEFENDS SUBORDINATE ORGANISMS FIRST YEAR PERIOD HATCHING SURVIVE DECADE NORTH AMERICAN AVERAGE LIFESPAN SHREW IN THE WILD ADU