PERSPECTIVE DRUGS DISEASES EDUCATION ACADEMY ENGLISH DEUTSCH FRANAIS PORTUGUS LOG IN SIGN REGISTER RESULTS CLOSE PLEASE CONFIRM LOG OUT MEDSCAPE IF YOU YOU WILL ENTER YOUR USERNAME PASSWORD THE NEXT TIME CANCEL GENERAL MEDICINE CHOLERA MBBCH CHIEF EDITOR RUSSELL SHARE EMAIL PRINT FEEDBACK FACEBOOK TWITTER LINKEDIN OVERVIEW BACKGROUND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ETIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY PROGNOSIS PATIENT EDUCATION SHOW PRESENTATION PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT DEHYDRATION APPROACH STOOL STOOL CULTURE SEROTYPING HEMATOLOGIC TESTS METABOLIC PANEL SHOW TREATMENT GUIDELINES REHYDRATION MAINTENANCE ANTIBIOTIC FLUID REPLACEMENT ORAL REHYDRATION FIRST 4 HOURS ADMINISTRATION SOLUTION ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY GUIDELINES MANAGEMENT DIET DETERRENCE MEDICATION SUMMARY ANTIBIOTICS MEDIA GALLERY TABLES REFERENCES INTESTINAL INFECTION CAUSED VIBRIO CHOLERAE THE IMAGES HALLMARK THE DISEASE SECRETORY DIARRHEA THE MAJOR THE CONDITION STILL REMAINS CHALLENGE THE MODERN MEDICAL ASYMPTOMATIC CAUSE DEATH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IMAGE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM VIEW ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC VIBRIO CHOLERA TRAVEL CONSIDER BEFORE AND AFTER CRITICAL IMAGES SLIDESHOW HELP INFECTIOUS THE UNITED STATES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ADVANCED WATER MAJOR CLINICIANS THE GENERAL SHOULD AWARE DONE PREVENT DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS THE TREATMENT PATIENTS PRIORITY WATERY DIARRHEA THE LOST FLUID ELECTROLYTES ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT HISTORICAL ANCIENT POPULATIONS ALL OVER THE WORLD OUTBREAKS HIPPOCRATES INDIAN PENINSULA DESCRIBE ILLNESS MIGHT 19TH CENTURY PHYSICIAN JOHN SNOW DEMONSTRATION TRANSMISSION REDUCED RECURRENT EPIDEMIC LONDON SNOW IDENTIFIED THE BROAD STREET PUMP THE PUMP HANDLE THE EPIDEMIC THE DISCOVERY OF ORGANISM GERMAN BACTERIOLOGIST ROBERT GENUS NAME FACT THE ORGANISM APPEARS PANDEMICS ENDEMIC INDIAN SUBCONTINENT PROBABLY THE CLASSIC EUROPE REACHED THE UNITED CAUSING DEATHS THE SEVENTH PANDEMIC THE 20TH CENTURY SEVENTH EL TOR CELEBES ISLANDS CONTINENTS PREVIOUS STRAIN SEROGROUP THE FALL BANGLADESH INDIA DISEASE RARE INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS THE PAST COMMON PARTS EPIDEMICS AFTER WAR CIVIL UNREST NATURAL DISASTERS FOOD CONTAMINATED AREAS CROWDED LIVING CONDITIONS FACULTATIVELY BACILLUS SIZE LENGTH DIAMETER THE IMAGE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE FLAGELLAR ANTIGEN SOMATIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SEPARATION PRINCIPAL ONES EPIDEMIC CHOLERA SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH NUMBER BACTERIA MAGNIFIED IMAGE COURTESY PREDOMINANT ORGANISMS THE CLASSICAL THE STRUCTURE THE O SEROTYPE ANTIGENS C EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURES CLINICAL DISEASE ENTEROTOXIN SECRETION LUMEN REACH HAS TO NEGOTIATE THE NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS GI TRACT DEPENDS INOCULUM INFECTIOUS DOSE THE MODE INGESTED FEWER PRODUCE ANTACIDS HISTAMINE RECEPTOR PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS RISK CHRONIC GASTRITIS HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION GASTRECTOMY PROTEIN MOLECULE OF 5 BINDING GANGLIOSIDE RECEPTOR THE SURFACE THE CELLS INTESTINAL MUCOSA ACTIVATION SUBUNIT ADENYLATE CYCLASE THE NET INCREASE CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE CAMP BLOCKS ABSORPTION SODIUM CHLORIDE MICROVILLI THE CRYPT ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATIONS ISOTONIC FLUID LOSS DUODENUM UPPER JEJUNUM ILEUM LESS COLON STATE INSENSITIVE VOLUME INTESTINE ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY UNLESS INFECTED PERSON DEVELOP SHOCK ACIDOSIS LOSS ACTS LOCALLY NEUTROPHILS BENGAL SIMILAR MECHANISM EXCEPT NOVEL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RELATED VIRULENCE RESISTANCE HUMAN SERUM IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF BACTEREMIA PANDEMIC DISEASE INITIATION ASSISTANCE HUMAN MIGRATION SEASONAL COASTAL WATERS ALMOST CONTAMINATED WATER TO SURVIVE CRABS BOILED DIRECT CONTACT CERTAIN HOST FACTORS APPEAR PLAY ROLE SPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PRIMARY HABITAT THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM WHERE IT LIVES ASSOCIATION HUMANS ANIMALS DO NOT TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE PRIMARY INFECTION CHANGES TEMPERATURE ALGAL HOUSEHOLDS CLINICS HOSPITALS RATES PREDICTABLY HIGHEST COMMUNITIES POTABLE PERSONAL COMMUNITY HYGIENE STANDARDS GASTRIC ACID QUICKLY THE SITE COLONIZATION IN THE SMALL ACHLORHYDRIA VAGOTOMY H2 BLOCKERS ULCER TWICE HIGH PEOPLE TYPE O BLOOD REASON HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS RANGE ANTIBODIES ENCOUNTERS ADULTS SYMPTOMATIC INFECTIONS ATTACK GENERATION PROTECT PROTECTED LEAD IMMUNITY ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS TRANSFER CARRIAGE INDIVIDUALS UNITED STATES STATISTICS VIRTUALLY LIVING ACQUIRE SEAFOOD THE GULF COAST FOREIGN CASES REPORTED US TERRITORIES THE OTHER ACQUIRED UNIQUE THE STRAIN LOUISIANA THE GULF OF MEXICO INDIGENOUS RESERVOIRS ECOLOGY NONE STRAINS THE US GULF COAST SPORADIC THE CONSUMPTION COOKED HURRICANES KATRINA AND RITA VIBRIO DOCUMENTED THE AGE GROUP OLDER POPULATION THE FREQUENCY INTERNATIONAL TRAVELERS RETURNING AVERAGED CASE WORLDWIDE UNCERTAIN FACTORS REMOTE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES POSSIBLE REPORTING SYSTEMS NONEXISTENT STIGMA ADVERSE EFFECTS COMMERCIAL TRADE REPORT AT ALL THE BEGINNING OF LATIN AMERICAN LARGEST EVER EXPERIENCED INCREASING THE ACTUAL GLOBAL ZIMBABWE LASTED LONGER GUINEA YUNNAN PROVINCE CHINA NEIGHBORING THUS SOUTHEAST ASIA ISOLATION EXPERTS EIGHTH CHOLERA EPIDEMIC BROKE OUT IN HEAVY RAINS AS OF HAITI THE SOURCE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING TEAM NEPAL EARTHQUAKE CARIBBEAN