ANIMAL DIVERSITY WEB UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MUSEUM ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ABOUT US ANIMAL NAMES EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES SPECIAL COLLECTIONS GLOSSARY BROWSE ANIMALIA INFORMATION CRITTER CATALOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE CERVUS FACEBOOK TWITTER RACHEL GEOGRAPHIC RANGE HABITAT PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION REPRODUCTION BEHAVIOR COMMUNICATION PERCEPTION FOOD HABITS PREDATION ECOSYSTEM ROLES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE POSITIVE NEGATIVE CONSERVATION STATUS COMMENTS REFERENCES ONCE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE EUROPE NORTHERN AFRICA NORTH HUNTING HABITAT DESTRUCTION LIMITED POPULATIONS EASTERN NORTH AMERICA EXTIRPATED OVERHUNTING TODAY THE WESTERN UNITED STATES CANADA ROCKIES REGION NORTHERN LOWER PENINSULA OF EASTERN UNITED STATES UNITED YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK EURASIA PROTECTED AREAS LESS POPULATED TRADITIONAL NORWAY IN AFRICA BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS NEARCTIC NATIVE PALEARCTIC NEOTROPICAL AUSTRALIAN TERMS HOLARCTIC PREFER OPEN WOODLANDS DENSE UNBROKEN CONIFEROUS CLEAR WIDE SEA LEVEL HIGHER REGIONS TEMPERATE BIOMES TAIGA SAVANNA GRASSLAND FOREST MOUNTAINS FEATURES SUBURBAN AGRICULTURAL RIPARIAN ELEVATION IN COLOR DARK BROWN IN WINTER IN SUMMER CHARACTERISTIC BUFF COLORED LEGS DARKER GENERALLY LONG HEAD EARS BRANCHING ANTLERS MALES DARK SHAGGY MANE THE NECK SHORT TAIL SLENDER STAND HIGH SHOULDER NOSE PERCENT FEMALES WEIGH TWICE AS MUCH AVERAGING PHYSICAL FEATURES ENDOTHERMIC HOMOIOTHERMIC BILATERAL SYMMETRY SEXUAL DIMORPHISM MALE AVERAGE MASS LENGTH AVERAGE BASAL METABOLIC RATE BEFORE THE FALL LATE SEPTEMBER THE VELVET BEGIN COMPETE ACCESS DOMINANT ABLE HAREMS KIND MOVING TERRITORY ADVERTISE BUGLING FIGHTS INTRUDERS INTENSE MADE UP OF 1 BULL CALVES MATING SYSTEM POLYGYNOUS MATURE SIXTEEN YOUNG DO NOT MATE GESTATION LASTS DAYS RESULTS BIRTH ANNUAL PRODUCTION OFFSET INVESTMENT MATERNAL CARE CREAMY SPOTS HOOVES AFTER BIRTH COW CALF ALONE THE CALF JOIN WEANING REPRODUCTIVE ITEROPAROUS SEASONAL BREEDING GONOCHORIC SEXUAL VIVIPAROUS BREEDING INTERVAL NUTRITION BREEDING SEASON NUMBER OFFSPRING GESTATION PERIOD MONTHS REPRODUCTIVE MATURITY FEMALE PROTECT HIDING AREA WEEKS NURSE FIRST YEAR CARE PARENTAL INVESTMENT PRECOCIAL PROVISIONING LONGEVITY BEYOND WILD MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH CAPTIVITY SOCIAL THEY LIVE HERDS AS 400 MATRIARCHAL SEASONAL THE FALL MATING SEASON BULLS SIZE AGGRESSIVE IN SPRING SEXES LEAVE GIVE SUMMER COWS NURSERY READY TERRITORIAL THE MATING SEASON TOWARD THE EARLY MORNING EVENING THE DAY THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT SPEND CHEWING CLOSE ASSOCIATION SHARING SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTS BEHAVIORS CURSORIAL CREPUSCULAR MOTILE HOME RANGE SQUARE KEEN SENSES COMMUNICATE CERVIDS NEWBORNS BLEAT GRUNT USED TO TERRITORIES RUTTING SEASON HEARD CHANNELS VISUAL TACTILE ACOUSTIC CHEMICAL FEEDING FORBS WOODY EASTERN HEMLOCK JACK RED MAPLE BASSWOOD WINTER FAVORITES HAWKWEED RUMINANT ANIMALS THEREFORE FOOD DIGESTION ALSO KNOWN AS PRIMARY DIET HERBIVORE FOLIVORE PLANT FOODS LEAVES ROOTS TUBERS STEMS BRYOPHYTES LICHENS FUNGUS PREDATORS MOUNTAIN LIONS GRAY WOLVES FALL BOBCATS HEALTHY ADULTS PREYED THEMSELVES HERDING BEHAVIOR SHARP GRIZZLY BEARS AMERICAN BLACK BEARS COYOTES SHAPING THE PLANT COMMUNITIES BROWSING SERVE PARTS THE YEAR BROWN SETTLERS NATIVE AMERICANS MEAT FOOD BODY MATERIAL PESTS CAUSE DAMAGE TREES AGRICULTURAL CROPS SPREAD DISEASES BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CROP PEST CAUSES DOMESTIC DISEASE SPECIAL MODIFICATION LEAD DECLINES NATURAL CERVUS ELAPHUS NEARLY NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA OHIO INDIANA SUBSPECIES CERVUS ELAPHUS CANADENSIS RECENTLY CONSERVATION PRIVATE CITIZENS DEPARTMENTS NATURAL RESOURCES PUTTING SUBJECT TO LEGAL SPORT HUNTING FARMED WESTERN IUCN RED LIST LEAST CONCERN FEDERAL STATUS CITES STATE OF MICHIGAN CARRY CONTRACT CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TANYA DEWEY LIVING NEW GUINEA BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCE NORTHERN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC ISLANDS THE NORTH AMERICAN SOUTH THE HIGHLANDS CENTRAL SOUTHERN IN OTHER WORDS OTHERWORDS ASIA USES SOUND LANDSCAPES HUMAN BODY SYMMETRY SUCH THAT THE ANIMAL DIVIDED PLANE DORSAL VENTRAL ANTERIOR POSTERIOR SYNAPOMORPHY BILATERIA SMELLS CHEMICALS ACTIVE AT DAWN DUSK HUMANS BENEFIT TOURISM APPRECIATION AREAS EXISTING PROFIT METABOLICALLY HEAT BODY TEMPERATURE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ENDOTHERMY ARISEN SYNAPSID THE FOSSIL RECORD DISTINGUISH POSSIBILITIES CONVERGENT EATS SUBSTANCE NUTRIENTS ENERGY LIVING THING AMOUNT PRECIPITATION SEASONALITY PLANTS MORE OR LESS CIRCLES NORTHERN NORTH AMERICA NORTHERN EUROPE REFERRING SPECIES TRANSPORTED OUTSIDE NATURAL RANGE HUMAN ACTION GROUP MULTIPLE SEASONS PERIODS HOSPITABLE SURVIVE CONDITION MOVEMENTS WINTERING CAPACITY MOVE FROM ONE BIOME VEGETATION NATIVE RANGE NATURALLY THE REGION ONE TIME SOMETHING ADJACENT WATERBODY RIVER PARTICULAR SEASON SEXUAL REPRODUCTION GENETIC CONTRIBUTION STRUCTURES COURTING THE OTHER SEX FIGHTING ASSOCIATES SOCIAL GROUPS RESIDENTIAL CITIES TOUCH BOREAL BAND COLD WINTERS CONIFERS GROW LITTLE DECIDUOUS TREES THE EARTH 60 DEGREES NORTH TROPIC OF CANCER THE ARCTIC 60 DEGREES SOUTH TROPIC OF