BOVIDAE BIOLOGICAL FAMILY RUMINANT MAMMAL BISON AFRICAN BUFFALO WATER BUFFALO ANTELOPE GAZELLE SHEEP GOAT MUSKOX DOMESTIC CATTLE MEMBER THIS FAMILY CONSISTING OF EXTANT SPECIES EXTINCT SPECIES THE FAMILY EIGHT MAJOR SUBFAMILIES APART DISPUTED PELEINAE PANTHOLOPINAE EVOLVED MILLION YEARS AGO THE EARLY MIOCENE BOVIDS SHOW VARIATION SIZE PELAGE DOMESTICATED MALE HORNS SPECIES FEMALES SHAPE THE HORNS BASIC STRUCTURE ALWAYS PAIRS SIMPLE BONY TWISTED FLUTED PERMANENT SHEATH KERATIN BEAR SOCIAL ACTIVITY FEEDING PEAK DAWN REST BEFORE DAWN SOCIAL ORGANISATION SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR CLASSIFIED SOLITARY GREGARIOUS BEHAVIOUR TANGIBLE FEED FORAGE DENSE CLOSED ON HIGH VEGETATION OPEN POLYGYNOUS MATURE MATE ONCE SMALLER NEONATE HIDDEN WEEK TWO MONTHS MOTHERS NEONATES ACCOMPANYING RATHER GREATEST IN AFRICA MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION SAVANNA EASTERN AFRICA BOVID NORTH THE FIVE MAMMALS WHOSE SPREAD OUTSIDE ORIGINAL DAIRY PRODUCTS MILK BUTTER CHEESE LEATHER MEAT WOOL NAME BRITISH ZOOLOGIST JOHN EDWARD GRAY THE WORD THE COMBINATION THE PREFIX LATIN LATE LATIN THE SUFFIX THE ORDER ARTIODACTYLA UNGULATE ACCOUNTING NEARLY MOLECULAR MONOPHYLY IN THE FAMILY MONOPHYLETIC GROUP ORGANISMS ANCESTRAL NUMBER SUGGESTIONS FOSSIL EVIDENCE THE EXISTENCE DISTINCT AEPYCEROTINAE ALCELAPHINAE WILDEBEEST ANTILOPINAE BOVINAE BUFFALOES CAPRINAE CEPHALOPHINAE ORYX REDUNCINAE EXTINCT SUBFAMILY ALAN GENTRY THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM LONDON DIVIDED THE EIGHT CLADES BASIS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY THE REST SOMEWHAT PRIMITIVE ADVANCED TEETH CONTROVERSY RECOGNITION OF COMPRISING GENERA PELEA PANTHOLOPS AMERICAN BIOLOGIST GEORGE SCHALLER PALAEONTOLOGIST ELISABETH VRBA INCLUSION THE GREY RHEBOK SOLE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS BELOW CLADOGRAM GIRAFFID PRESENCE EURASIA EARLY MIOCENE SIMILAR MODERN PROBABLY LIVED WOODLAND THE THOMPSONS SPLIT EURASIAN AFRICAN ATTRIBUTED THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE CONTINENTS REJOINED BARRIER GROUP THE TERRITORY TRIBES BOVINI TRAGELAPHINI REACHED THE AMERICAS PLEISTOCENE CROSSING BERING LAND BRIDGE THE PRESENT PLIOCENE ALCELAPHINE GENUS BELIEVED THE MIDDLE APPEARS LATE OLIGOCENE BOSELAPHINI LANGEBAANWEG LOTHAGAM MARKED CHINA INDIAN SUBCONTINENT RADIATION MIDDLE MIOCENE CAPRINI SEEM CERVIDS SPECIATION THE TRIBE ANTILOPINI UPPER TRIBE NEOTRAGINI SEEMS THE END LEADING THE CREATION GRASSLAND FIRST APPEARED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IMPALA DATE AWASH VALLEY SNOUT BLUNT END PRESENT IMMEDIATELY THE OVAL POINTED EARS NECK TAIL LENGTH EXHIBIT SEXUAL DIMORPHISM MALES FOUR TOES FOOT THEY WALK THE CENTRAL HOOVES OUTER DEWCLAW TOUCH GAUR WEIGH HIGH SHORTER THE ROYAL SHARP TALL KLIPSPRINGER SHOULDER DIFFERENCES RANGING PALE WHITE ARABIAN ORYX BLACK IN THE BLACK BROWN REDDISH BROWN SEVERAL SPECIES DARKEN COAT FAINT ADDAX COLOUR SCENT GLAND SEBACEOUS GLAND GEMSBOK SABLE GRANTS GAZELLE CAMOUFLAGE FACIAL LOOK HENCE BLEND THE BACKGROUND COUNTERSHADING BROKEN UP BOLD PATTERNS HELPING DELAY BODIES FACES THE ZOOLOGIST SUGGESTS FUNCTION LEG COMMON EXAMPLE BONTEBOK WHITE STOCKINGS COMMUNICATION PAIR ALMOST ALL JACOB SHEEP UNIQUE HORN STRUCTURE THE ONLY UNAMBIGUOUS FEATURE DISTINGUISHES PECORANS CORRELATION MORPHOLOGY FIGHTING BEHAVIOUR WRESTLING CURVED RAMMING MONOGAMOUS RESULTS INDEPENDENT BODY SIZE DEVELOPMENT SEXUAL SELECTION SPIRAL THE GIANT ELAND DEGREE COMPETITION NATURAL SELECTION SMALLER THAN SOMETIMES FEMALE DEFENCE PREDATORS EXPRESS TERRITORIALITY ABLE CRYPSIS PREDATOR DO NOT HALF THE THIRD FOURTH THE CANNON BONE ULNA FIBULA RADIUS SCAPULA CLAVICLES THE STOMACH CHAMBERS RUMEN OMASUM RETICULUM ABOMASUM CILIATE BACTERIA FERMENT THE COMPLEX CELLULOSE SIMPLER FATTY ACID SMALL INTESTINE CATTLE BODY TEMPERATURE THE DAY GOATS TEMPERATURE CHANGE MORNING REGULATED SWEATING THE RIGHT LUNG LOBES TIMES INCISOR REDUCED UPPER INCISORS TOUGH LAYER DENTAL PAD SURFACE GRIP GRASSES HYPSODONT SELENODONT PREMOLAR CROWN PROJECT FORWARD TOOTHLESS DIASTEMA THE GENERAL DENTAL FORMULA HERBIVOROUS OMNIVOROUS DIGEST PLANT MATERIAL GRASS CANNOT OTHER ANIMALS KANGAROO RABBIT TERMITE LIVING GUTS BREAK DOWN FERMENTATION TERRITORIAL ORIBI STEENBOK GENERALLY HOLD TERRITORIES OTHER MEMBERS OF ANTELOPES PHEROMONE SECRETIONS PREORBITAL GLAND MARK THE OFFSPRING DISPERSE NEED MUST ACQUIRE PRIOR BUSHBUCK DISPLAYS ISOLATE ITSELF LOOSE CLOSE FORCED SEXUAL MATURITY TO DO BACHELOR TAKES FIGHTS BE MORE RIGOROUS LIMITED RUTTING SEASON EXCEPTION TERRITORY THEIR LIVES WATERBUCK SATELLITE HAVE TO WAIT TILL THE OWNER LEK MATING GATHER COMPETITIVELY DISPLAY POTENTIAL EXIST TOPI LECHWE GAIN ABSOLUTE DOMINANCE SPEND BODY GROWTH GROOMING LICKING THE TONGUE ROLL BUFFALO WALLOW HARTEBEEST HEADS SMEAR INVOLVE EARS SEXUAL EXCITEMENT EMOTIONAL STATE EXPRESSION FLEHMEN RESPONSE STAND THE HEAD INTENT SENSE LEAP ROAR GRUNT CAUTION LION TIGER BROWN BEAR CROCODILE DHOLE KOMODO DRAGON SPOTTED HYENA COUGAR GAZELLES PRONK IN RESPONSE LEAPS STIFF THE PREDATOR STOTTING STRONG WORTH THE MATING SEASON MUSKOXEN FORCE RIVAL VOCAL LOCATE CALVES THEMSELVES ERECT POSTURE LEVEL TECHNIQUES FAMILIES DEPEND FIGHT ON ALL FOURS CLASH HARD SHORT UPRI