ANIMAL DIVERSITY WEB UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MUSEUM ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ABOUT US ANIMAL NAMES EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES SPECIAL COLLECTIONS GLOSSARY BROWSE ANIMALIA INFORMATION CRITTER CATALOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE ODOCOILEUS DEER FACEBOOK TWITTER TANYA DEWEY GEOGRAPHIC RANGE HABITAT PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION REPRODUCTION BEHAVIOR COMMUNICATION PERCEPTION FOOD HABITS PREDATION ECOSYSTEM ROLES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE POSITIVE NEGATIVE CONSERVATION STATUS REFERENCES WHITETAIL DEER SOUTHERN CANADA THE MAINLAND UNITED STATES EXCEPT IN THE WEST CENTRAL AMERICA BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS NEARCTIC NATIVE NEOTROPICAL ABLE TO SURVIVE VARIETY BIG WOODS NORTHERN MAINE THE DEEP SAW GRASS HAMMOCK SWAMPS BRUSHY AREAS THE WEST CACTUS DESERTS SOUTHERN TEXAS IDEAL DENSE HIDE MOVE EDGES REGIONS TEMPERATE TROPICAL BIOMES CHAPARRAL FOREST RAINFOREST SCRUB FOREST WETLANDS SWAMP BODY LENGTH TAIL HEIGHT SHOULDERS ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS DORSAL SHADING SEASONALLY GENERAL WINTER IN THE SUMMER WHITE BAND BEHIND CIRCLES INSIDE THE CHIN UPPER INSIDES THE LEGS BENEATH SCENT PARTS HOOF ALL FOUR METATARSAL THE OUTSIDE HIND LEG TARSAL GLAND SECRETIONS STRONG RUTTING SEASON MALES ANTLERS SHED GROW VELVET IN AUGUST FAWNS GRAYISH SPOTS GOOD ACUTE DEPEND SENSE OF SMELL DETECT PHYSICAL FEATURES ENDOTHERMIC HOMOIOTHERMIC BILATERAL SYMMETRY SEXUAL DIMORPHISM MALE TO 220 AVERAGE BASAL METABOLIC RATE MATING SYSTEM POLYGYNOUS MATE SECOND YEAR FEMALES YOUNG SEVEN POLYGAMOUS ATTACHMENT DAYS WEEKS OESTRUS POLYESTROUS HEAT SHORT HOUR ESTRUS 28 DAYS LATER MATING GESTATION HALF FIRST YEAR FEMALE GENERALLY LITTER WALK BIRTH NIBBLE VEGETATION REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES ITEROPAROUS SEASONAL BREEDING GONOCHORIC SEXUAL FERTILIZATION VIVIPAROUS BREEDING INTERVAL BREED ONCE BREEDING SEASON NUMBER OFFSPRING GESTATION PERIOD MONTHS WEANING REPRODUCTIVE MATURITY LOOKING LEAVE HIDING PLACE HOURS WAITING MOTHER FLAT ON THE GROUND NECKS CAMOUFLAGED THE FOREST BEGIN FOLLOW FORAGING TRIPS FULLY RUMINANT TWO MONTHS WEANED ONE YEAR PARENTAL INVESTMENT PRECOCIAL PROVISIONING ASSOCIATION PARENTS TO 3 MAXIMUM LIFE SPAN IN THE WILD PAST 10 YEARS OLD WILD CAPTIVITY MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH NERVOUS WAVE TAILS AGILE BOUND SPEEDS UP TO MILES PER HOUR TANGLED TERRAIN SWIMMERS ENTER STREAMS LAKES ESCAPE PREDATORS INSECTS VISIT HOME RANGES SQUARE KILOMETER DO NOT WINTER RANGE YARD TERRITORIES HEAVY SNOW NOTORIOUS BED DOWN THE DAY PREVIOUSLY IN SUMMER SOCIAL UNIT GRAZE HERDS HUNDREDS MOTHERS THE GROUP THE FIRST YEAR TRANSIENT PRIOR THE MATING SEASON POINT PREOCCUPIED GUARD HAREMS RATHER FIGHT EACH OTHER GAIN ACCESS PARTICULAR KEEP HIDDEN FECES URINE THE MOTHER WHATEVER FAWN DENY SIGN BLEAT INJURED UTTER LOUD BLATT WHISTLES DISTURBED HEARD BEHAVIORS CURSORIAL CREPUSCULAR MOTILE SEDENTARY SOCIAL DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES OUTSIDE USED TO COMMUNICATE PRODUCE WHEEZES OTHER SOUNDS CHANNELS VISUAL TACTILE ACOUSTIC CHEMICAL MODES PHEROMONES MARKS FEED AVAILABLE EASTERN BUDS TWIGS ASPEN BIRCH NAME DESERT PLANTS HUAJILLO PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS TOUGH SHRUBS COMPONENTS CONIFERS IN WINTER FOODS FEEDING BEFORE DAWN HOURS AFTER AFTERNOON PRIMARY DIET HERBIVORE DANGER ABILITY RUN QUICKLY PREYED MOUNTAIN LIONS HUMANS GRAY WOLVES COYOTES BEARS JAGUARS INFLUENCE COMPOSITION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES SEVERE WINTERS GIRDLING KILLING LARGE NUMBERS ANIMALS HUNTED MEAT SETTLERS NATIVE AMERICANS HIDES BUCKSKIN HEADS THE WALLS OUTDOOR FOOD VEGETABLE GARDENS FRUIT ORNAMENTAL PLANTS RANGES OVERLAP HUMAN NUMBERS CAUSE DAMAGE INVOLVED ACCIDENTS INJURY VECTORS DISEASE SERVE HOSTS TICKS CARRY BACTERIA LYME DISEASE INCREASINGLY COMMON CERTAIN THE UNITED NORTHEASTERN STATES NORTH AMERICAN ESTIMATES PROBABLY POPULATIONS DECIMATED TO THE POINT EXTINCTION THE TURN OF THE CENTURY OVERHUNTING RECENTLY REACHED HIGHEST IMPROVEMENT CUTTING CLIMAX GREATER AMOUNT BRUSH IUCN RED LIST LEAST CONCERN FEDERAL SPECIAL STATUS CITES STATE OF MICHIGAN LIVING BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCE THE CANADIAN ARCTIC ISLANDS THE NORTH AMERICAN SOUTH THE HIGHLANDS CENTRAL IN OTHER WORDS USES SOUND BODY SYMMETRY SUCH THAT THE ANIMAL DIVIDED PLANE VENTRAL ANTERIOR POSTERIOR SYNAPOMORPHY BILATERIA COASTAL MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE EVERGREEN SOUTH AMERICA SCRUB ECOTONE SMELLS CHEMICALS ACTIVE AT DAWN DUSK RANKING SYSTEM PECKING ORDER SOCIAL GROUP DOMINANCE RESOURCES METABOLICALLY BODY TEMPERATURE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ENDOTHERMY ARISEN SYNAPSID THE FOSSIL RECORD DISTINGUISH POSSIBILITIES CONVERGENT UNION EGG SPERMATOZOAN SUBSTANCE NUTRIENTS ENERGY LIVING THING PRECIPITATION SEASONALITY EATS GROUP MULTIPLE SEASONS PERIODS HOSPITABLE SURVIVE CONDITION CAPACITY FROM ONE NATIVE RANGE AREA NATURALLY THE REGION WATER DETECTED OTHER ANIMALS SPECIES ONE TIME TREES FORMING CLOSED LITTLE LIGHT REACHING EPIPHYTES CLIMBING PLANTS SOMEWHAT SURFACE WHETHER TASTE SCRUB FORESTS DEVELOP EXPERIENCE SEASON REMAINS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION GENETIC CONTRIBUTION SEXES STRUCTURES COURTING THE OTHER SEX FIGHTING ASSOCIATES SOCIAL GROUPS WETLAND PERMANENTLY WOODY VEGETATION TOUCH REGION THE EARTH