EXTRASOLAR PLANET PLANET ORBITS STAR THE SUN AS OF EXOPLANETS PLANETARY SYSTEM MULTIPLE PLANETARY SYSTEMS CONFIRMED HARPS DISCOVERED HUNDRED KEPLER SPACE TELESCOPE MORE THAN TWO KEPLER DETECTED THOUSAND CANDIDATE PLANETS FALSE POSITIVE PERCENTAGE PLANETS STARS EARTH HABITABLE ZONE DISTANCE BILLION THE MILKY WAY POTENTIALLY HABITABLE RISING ORBITING RED DWARF MASSIVE DRAUGR TWICE THE MASS OF THE MOON NASA EXOPLANET ARCHIVE TIMES THE MASS OF JUPITER DEFINITIONS BROWN DWARF HOURS ORBIT SO FAR AWAY THOUSANDS SOME ARE TELL WHETHER GRAVITATIONALLY BOUND ALMOST ALL THE PLANETS POSSIBLE DETECTIONS EXTRAGALACTIC PLANET THE DISCOVERY OF INTENSIFIED INTEREST THE SEARCH EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE SPECIAL WHERE IT LIQUID WATER LIFE ON EARTH EXIST THE SURFACE THE STUDY PLANETARY HABITABILITY WIDE RANGE FACTORS DETERMINING HOSTING BESIDES ROGUE PLANET DO NOT GAS GIANT CASE WISE DWARF THE ROGUE NUMBER DEFINITION OF PLANET THE INTERNATIONAL UNION COVERS THE SOLAR SYSTEM THUS APPLY THE ONLY DEFINING STATEMENT WORKING DEFINITION DEFINITION ACCEPTED ALTERNATE SUGGESTION SHOULD DISTINGUISHED BASIS THOUGHT GIANT PLANETS CORE SOMETIMES PRODUCE MASSES ABOVE DEUTERIUM FUSION THRESHOLD SORT ALREADY BROWN DWARFS DIRECT COLLAPSE CLOUDS GAS FORMATION MECHANISM BELOW THE LIMIT HUNDREDS RATIOS ATMOSPHERES COMPOSITION SIMILAR HOST PROBABLY CUTOFF PHYSICAL AMOUNT DEUTERIUM DEPENDS EXTENT COMPOSITION OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANETS ENCYCLOPAEDIA UP TO JUPITER MASSES FACT FEATURE MASS SPECTRUM THE CHOICE FORGET LIMIT EXOPLANET DATA EXPLORER DISTINCTION WORKING GROUP PHYSICALLY ROCKY THE SIN AMBIGUITY MINIMUM MASS EQUAL TO LESS THAN CRITERION RATHER PROCESS THE CORE PRESSURE COULOMB ELECTRON DEGENERACY PRESSURE CENTURIES PHILOSOPHERS SCIENTISTS EXTRASOLAR PLANETS NO WAY DETECTING FREQUENCY MIGHT BE DETECTION CLAIMS MADE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY REJECTED PULSAR CONFIRMATION GIANT PLANET NEARBY PEGASI VAST MAJORITY TRANSIT METHOD METHOD SIXTEENTH CENTURY THE ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER GIORDANO BRUNO SUPPORTER COPERNICAN THEORY OTHER PLANETS HELIOCENTRISM FORWARD THE VIEW THE FIXED STARS LIKEWISE THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ISAAC NEWTON THE GENERAL SCHOLIUM COMPARISON CENTERS DESIGN SUBJECT TO THE DOMINION HOT JUPITER OTTO STRUVE REASON WHY CLOSER PARENT THE CASE DOPPLER SPECTROSCOPY DETECT SHORT INVOLVE THE BINARY JACOB THE EAST INDIA COMPANY MADRAS OBSERVATORY REPORTED ORBITAL ANOMALIES PLANETARY BODY THOMAS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY PROVED THE EXISTENCE DARK BODY THE SYSTEM PERIOD FOREST RAY MOULTON PUBLISHED PAPER PROVING SYSTEM ORBITAL PARAMETERS PETER VAN DE KAMP SWARTHMORE COLLEGE THIS TIME BARNARDS STAR ASTRONOMERS GENERALLY THE EARLY REPORTS ANDREW LYNE CLAIMED PULSAR PLANET IN ORBIT PULSAR TIMING THE CLAIM INTENSE TEAM SOON RETRACTED TOTAL CONTROVERSIAL DISCOVERY THE CANADIAN BRUCE CAMPBELL YANG THE UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CAUTIOUS PLANETARY OBSERVATIONS THE STAR GAMMA CEPHEI THE OBSERVATIONS LIMITS INSTRUMENTAL SKEPTICAL MIGHT BETWEEN PLANETS THE PLANET WORK IN RAISED TECHNIQUES EXISTENCE TO BE CONFIRMED RADIO ALEKSANDER WOLSZCZAN DALE FRAIL ANNOUNCED TWO PLANETS DEFINITIVE SOLIDIFIED THIRD PLANET TOPIC THE POPULAR PRESS PULSAR PLANETS THE UNUSUAL REMNANTS SUPERNOVA ROUND PLANET FORMATION ELSE CORES CURRENT MICHEL MAYOR DIDIER QUELOZ GENEVA THE MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL SPECTROSCOPY THE RAPID MEASURING GRAVITATIONAL INFLUENCE MOTION OBSERVING VARIATION LUMINOSITY FRONT ORBITED CLOSE SURPRISED THEORIES PLANETARY FORMATION AT LARGE EVENTUALLY CLEAR HOT JUPITERS MINORITY UPSILON ANDROMEDAE FIRST MAIN BINARY STAR SYSTEM NASA VERIFIED STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE VERIFICATION MULTIPLICITY PRIOR GAS GIANTS SIZE JUPITER NEPTUNE OF EARTH KEPLER MISSION IDENTIFIED CANDIDATES NEARLY FAINT BRIGHTER REFLECTED LIGHT LIGHT SOURCE CAUSES GLARE WASH NECESSARY BLOCK THE LIGHT ORDER REDUCE THE GLARE LEAVING MAJOR TECHNICAL CHALLENGE EXTREME OPTOTHERMAL STABILITY EMIT INFRARED RADIATION THE IMAGES INFRARED VISIBLE PHASE THE CONTRAST ALPHA SURVEY INSTRUMENTS GEMINI PLANET IMAGER IMAGE DOZENS PROVEN USEFUL CROSSES BRIGHTNESS DROPS DIMS SUFFERS SUBSTANTIAL RATE FALSE POSITIVES RADIUS BENEFIT ATMOSPHERE THAT PART INTERSECT THE HOST PROBABILITY ORIENTED TRANSIT SOMEWHAT KEPLER TELESCOPE USES RADIAL VELOCITY DOPPLER MOVES SYSTEMS CENTER OF MASS VARIATIONS IN THE STARS RADIAL THE SPEED SPECTRAL LINE THE DOPPLER EFFECT THE ADVANTAGE CANNOT DETERMINE TRUE MASS LOWER LIMIT ITSELF TRANSIT TIMING VARIATION THE TIMES PRESENCE ANOTHER PLANET SECOND PLANET TRANSITING PLANETS BE USED TO CONFIRM TIMING ECLIPSES ECLIPSING BINARY STAR REVEAL OUTER PLANET THAT WAY DURATION MULTIPLE STARS MOONS USED TO CIRCUMBINARY GRAVITATIONAL MICROLENSING GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ACTS BACKGROUND STAR CAUSE MAGNIFICATION AS IT OVER TIME BIAS SENSITIVE ASTROMETRY PRECISELY POSITION IN THE SKY CHANGES SO SMALL DISPUTED INVESTIGATE PROPERTIES EMITS RADIO WAVES PRODUCTIVE FIVE PLANETS VARIABLE STAR TYPES OF STARS EXHIBIT PERIODICITY CAUSED LIGHT PHASES VIEWPOINT