EGYPT OFFICIALLY THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT COUNTRY THE NORTHEAST CORNER AFRICA SOUTHWEST ASIA LAND BRIDGE SINAI PENINSULA MEDITERRANEAN BORDERED THE GAZA STRIP ISRAEL THE GULF OF AQABA THE RED SEA THE EAST SUDAN LIBYA LIES JORDAN SAUDI ARABIA DO NOT SHARE BORDER WORLDS CONTIGUOUS EURAFRASIAN HISTORIES MODERN COUNTRY THE TENTH MILLENNIUM AS ONE THE WORLDS FIRST NATION STATES CRADLE OF CIVILISATION ANCIENT EXPERIENCED ORGANISED RELIGION CENTRAL ICONIC MONUMENTS GIZA NECROPOLIS GREAT SPHINX THE RUINS MEMPHIS THEBES KARNAK THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS LEGACY FOCUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY POPULAR INTEREST RICH CULTURAL HERITAGE INTEGRAL PART NATIONAL ENDURED TIMES FOREIGN CHRISTIANISED FIRST CENTURY THE COMMON SUBSEQUENTLY ISLAMISED ISLAMIC CONQUESTS THE SEVENTH INHABITANTS POPULOUS NORTH AFRICA THE ARAB WORLD IN AFRICA NIGERIA ETHIOPIA IN THE WORLD THE GREAT MAJORITY PEOPLE THE BANKS THE NILE RIVER AREA THE ONLY ARABLE LAND REGIONS THE SAHARA DESERT HALF LIVE IN URBAN SPREAD DENSELY POPULATED GREATER CAIRO ALEXANDRIA MAJOR CITIES THE NILE DELTA MODERN EGYPT REGIONAL MIDDLE POWER MILITARY INFLUENCE THE MIDDLE EAST THE MUSLIM WORLD ECONOMY LARGEST THE MIDDLE INDUSTRY ALMOST EQUAL PRODUCTION ENGLISH NAME DERIVED THE ANCIENT GREEK MIDDLE FRENCH EGYPTE LATIN LINEAR B TABLETS ADJECTIVE COPTIC ARABIC WHENCE ENGLISH THE GREEK LATE EGYPTIAN CORRUPTION EGYPTIAN NAME MEANING THE KA PTAH TEMPLE THE GOD STRABO ATTRIBUTED THE WORD FOLK ETYMOLOGY EVOLVED COMPOUND BELOW THE AEGEAN THE CLASSICAL QURANIC ARABIC MODERN OFFICIAL NAME THE LOCAL PRONUNCIATION EGYPTIAN ARABIC SEMITIC COGNATE WORDS HEBREW ATTESTATION AKKADIAN RELATED FRONTIER ANCIENT EGYPTIAN THE COUNTRY MEANS BLACK GROUND BLACK SOIL REFERRING FERTILE SOILS THE NILE FLOOD PLAINS DISTINCT DESHRET THE DESERT PROBABLY PRONOUNCED STAGE THE EGYPTIAN THE RIVERBANK THE NAMES UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT NORTHLAND EVIDENCE ROCK CARVINGS TERRACES OASES THE MILLENNIUM CULTURE FISHERS GRAIN CLIMATE CHANGES OVERGRAZING DESICCATE THE PASTORAL LANDS FORMING TRIBAL DEVELOPED SETTLED AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY CENTRALISED SOCIETY NEOLITHIC ROOTED NEOLITHIC ERA PREDYNASTIC CULTURES BADARIAN CULTURE THE SUCCESSOR NAQADA GENERALLY PRECURSORS DYNASTIC EGYPT PREDATES BADARIAN SEVEN HUNDRED CONTEMPORANEOUS COMMUNITIES SOUTHERN COUNTERPARTS MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND CULTURALLY MAINTAINING CONTACT EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS PREDYNASTIC PERIOD NAQADA III POTTERY KINGDOM KING MENES LEADING DYNASTIES RULED THE NEXT EGYPTIAN CULTURE FLOURISHED PERIOD RELIGION ARTS LANGUAGE THE STAGE THE OLD KINGDOM PYRAMIDS THE THIRD DYNASTY PYRAMID OF DJOSER THE FOURTH GIZA PYRAMIDS FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD POLITICAL UPHEAVAL STRONGER NILE FLOODS PROSPERITY REACHING PEAK REIGN PHARAOH AMENEMHAT III PERIOD OF DISUNITY THE ARRIVAL HYKSOS THE HYKSOS INVADERS LOWER EGYPT CAPITAL AVARIS DRIVEN UPPER FORCE AHMOSE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY THE CAPITAL NEW KINGDOM MARKING RISE INTERNATIONAL POWER GREATEST EMPIRE SOUTH TOMBOS NUBIA PARTS THE LEVANT FOR SOME HATSHEPSUT THUTMOSE III AKHENATEN WIFE NEFERTITI TUTANKHAMUN RAMESSES II HISTORICALLY EXPRESSION MONOTHEISM ATENISM CONTACTS NATIONS NEW IDEAS INVADED LIBYANS NUBIANS ASSYRIA NATIVE EGYPTIANS EVENTUALLY CONTROL POWERFUL ACHAEMENID PERSIANS CAMBYSES II CONQUEST THE PHARAOH PSAMTIK III THE BATTLE PELUSIUM FORMAL SUSA PERSIA IRAN LEAVING SATRAP ENTIRE SAVE PETUBASTIS III PERSIAN KINGS REVOLTS THE PERSIANS MARKED FIFTH CENTURY BC NEVER ABLE PERMANENTLY OVERTHROW THIRTIETH THE LAST PHARAONIC FELL NECTANEBO II IN BATTLE LAST DECADES ALEXANDER PTOLEMAIC KINGDOM HELLENISTIC SOUTHERN SYRIA CYRENE THE FRONTIER GREEK CULTURE GAIN THEMSELVES THE PHARAOHS PTOLEMIES PUBLIC STYLE RELIGIOUS LIFE RULER CLEOPATRA VII COMMITTED SUICIDE THE BURIAL LOVER MARK ANTONY DIED ARMS STAB WOUND OCTAVIAN CAPTURED MERCENARY CAUSED REGIME INVOLVED CIVIL WARS THE DECLINE THE KINGDOM ANNEXATION HELLENISTIC CULTURE THRIVE MUSLIM CONQUEST CHRISTIANITY SAINT MARK THE EVANGELIST DIOCLETIAN THE TRANSITION THE ROMAN BYZANTINE ERA NUMBER EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANS PERSECUTED THE NEW TESTAMENT TRANSLATED THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON COPTIC CHURCH REGAIN BRIEF SASANIAN INVASION THE CENTURY THE WAR ISLAMIC MUSLIM ARABS BYZANTINE ARMIES THE ARABS SUNNI ISLAM BLEND FAITH INDIGENOUS BELIEFS SUFI ORDERS TO THIS DAY RITES MUSLIM RULERS NOMINATED THE CALIPHATE IN CONTROL CENTURIES CAIRO SEAT FATIMID CALIPHATE THE END KURDISH AYYUBID DYNASTY MAMLUK TURCO EAST THE BLACK DEATH COUNTRYS THE OTTOMAN TURKS PROVINCE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE MILITARISATION DAMAGED CIVIL SOCIETY ECONOMIC WEAKENING ECONOMIC SYSTEM PLAGUE LEFT PORTUGUESE TRADERS THE FAMINE COST ALWAYS OTTOMAN SULTANS POWER THE MAMLUKS CASTE FRENCH FORCES NAPOLEON FRENCH CAMPAIGN IN EGYPT SYRIA FRENCH POWER VACUUM POWER STRUGGLE ALBANIAN MERCENARIES THE SERVICE THE OTTOMANS SEIZED MUHAMMAD ALI PASHA MILITARY COMMANDER OTTOMAN ARMY VICEROY SUBORDINATION OTTOMAN PORTE MUHAMMAD ALI WAS TO RULE THE REVOLUTION INTRODUCTION COTTON AGRICULTURE MONOCULTURE LAND OWNERSHIP SHIFTING INTERNATIONAL ANNEXED N