JOURNAL OF MILITARY HEALTH PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL PUBLISHED THE AUSTRALASIAN MILITARY MEDICINE ASSOCIATION JOIN AMMA ADVERTISERS AUTHORS LINKS EDITORIAL BOARD MISSION STATEMENT CONTACT SEARCH VOLUME THE HISTORY OF PLAGUE PANDEMICS BY JOHN FRITH ISSUE ACUTE INFECTIOUS DISEASE CAUSED BACILLUS YERSINIA PESTIS ENDEMIC INDIGENOUS RODENT POPULATIONS SOUTH NORTH AFRICA CENTRAL EPIDEMICS HUMANS THE BITE THE ORIENTAL INDIAN FLEA HUMAN FLEA PRIMARY HOSTS FLEAS THE BLACK URBAN BROWN SEWER RAT PERSON TO PERSON PATHOGENIC ORGANISM ANIMALS ANTIBIOTICS HIGH MORTALITY RATE BUBONIC PLAGUE MILITARY SIGNIFICANCE THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL PREVENTION CATEGORY BIOTERRORISM GREAT WORLD CAUSING PEOPLE NATIONS CHANGED SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FABRIC HUMAN INFECTION PURULENT ABSCESSES LYMPH BUBO BOUBON SWELLING THIS WAS HAEMORRHAGING NECROSIS THE SKIN SHOCK THE DISEASE SPREAD THE LUNG PNEUMONIC PLAGUE GREAT PLAGUE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS PATHS JUSTINIAN PLAGUE CENTRAL AFRICA EGYPT THE BLACK DEATH ASIA CRIMEA EUROPE THE THIRD HONG KONG THE REST CAUSATIVE DISCOVERED PANDEMIC FRENCH BACTERIOLOGIST ALEXANDRE YERSIN YEARS LATER FELLOW THE SEA ROUTES CHINA AND INDIA BROWN RAT FLOURISHED OPEN AMPLE BREEDING GROUNDS FOOD CENTURIES VECTORS TRANSMISSION RATS XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS NORTHERN EUROPEAN NOSOPSYLLUS FASCIATUS PULEX IRRITANS THE DOG CAT FLEAS CTENOCEPHALIDES CANIS INFECTED ABLE THE PLAGUE TRAVELLING TRADE ROUTES AT SEA RICE WHEAT GRAIN TRADE PROVENTRICULUS THE FLEA BLOCKED BITING INCREASING FREQUENCY AGITATION ATTEMPT OBSTRUCTION BLOOD BACILLI BLOODSTREAM MULTIPLY HOST THE HOST DIES LEAVE IMMEDIATELY THUS THE FOUNDATIONS SUFFERING CHARACTERISTIC BUBOES SEPTICAEMIA THE ROMAN EMPEROR THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE THE EPIDEMIC ETHIOPIA IN AFRICA PELUSIUM WEST ALEXANDRIA EAST JERUSALEM SHIPS TRADING ROUTES BOTH SIDES ARRIVING CONSTANTINOPLE BYZANTINE COURT PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA WORK HISTORY OF THE WARS DELIRIUM THE WHOLE HUMAN RACE PROCOPIUS SYMPTOMS THE MAJORITY ABOUT THAT SEIZED BECOMING AWARE OF WHAT WAS VISION SUDDEN WALKING OTHERWISE ENGAGED THE BODY CHANGE PREVIOUS MIGHT BE ATTACKED INDEED INFLAMMATION THE FEVER LANGUID SORT COMMENCEMENT TILL EVENING NEITHER THE SICK THEMSELVES PHYSICIAN TOUCHED AFFORD SUSPICION NOT MANY DAYS PARTICULAR BELOW ABDOMEN INSIDE CASES POINTS THE FOCUS REACHING PEAK THE SPRING DEATHS ESTIMATES KILL VICTIMS BURIED STACKED CITY WALL CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE DISPOSAL THE NEXT SOUTHERN FRANCE THE RHINE VALLEY FAR NORTH DENMARK THE MIDDLE EAST ASIA MINOR THE YEARS NEARLY 100 MILLION PERMANENTLY SOCIAL FABRIC THE WESTERN WORLD THE DEMISE FOOD PRODUCTION EIGHT FAMINE THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM THE EMPIRE EVENTUALLY FIELD FEUDAL SYSTEM DISRUPTION MARKED THE END ROMAN RULE BIRTH CULTURALLY SOCIETAL THE NATIONS MEDIEVAL EUROPE MAJOR OUTBREAKS SYRIA IN 66 LAID WASTE ENGLAND WELSH KING INTERMITTENT EPIDEMIC IN 13 THE EUROPEAN PRESENT TARTAR ARMIES KHAN JANIBEG SIEGE THE TOWN KAFFA TRADING SHORES THE SIEGE THE TARTARS DESCRIPTION GABRIEL DE MUSSIS REVENGE THE WALLS CORPSES DIED PANIC TRADERS FLED GALLEYS CLINGING BONES MEDITERRANEAN THE GREAT REACHED PARIS NORWAY IN EASTERN LEFT AWAY WITH THEM RUSSIA GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO BOOK DECAMERON TALES OF GROUP THE COUNTRY ESCAPE MEN AND WOMEN ALIKE BETRAYED ITSELF EMERGENCE CERTAIN TUMOURS GROIN COMMON SOME MORE THE COMMON PARTS SOON PROPAGATE ALL DIRECTIONS MALADY BLACK SPOTS LIVID APPEARANCE ARM THIGH ELSEWHERE TERM BLACK DEATH SIMPLY PESTILENCE ORIGIN BUTLER HAEMORRHAGIC PURPURA ISCHAEMIC GANGRENE SOMETIMES THE TRANSLATION OF LATIN ATRA ATRA MORS MEANING TERRIBLE CONNOTATION MORS TRANSLATED SOCIAL OVERALL CITY TO CITY FLORENCE BOCCACCIO UP TO HALF POPULATION ITALIANS CALLING RAPIDITY PROPER BURIAL CREMATION PITS PUTREFYING BODIES HOMES MUCH AFRAID SUFFER SPIRITUAL DEATH PHYSICAL DEATH CLERGY PERFORM BURIAL RITES CHAPELS PRIEST PENITENTS SEXTON THE PHYSICIAN DEEP WIDE TESTATOR HEIRS EXECUTORS HOLE THOUGHT CARRYING VAPOURS MATTER BREATH SICK PUNISHMENT GOD IMMORAL ASTROLOGICAL NATURAL PHENOMENA CONJUNCTIONS TURNED PATRON SAINTS ST ROCH ST SEBASTIAN THE VIRGIN MARY PROCESSIONS WHIPPING NAIL EMBEDDED HYMNS PRAYERS TOWN TO TOWN CROSS BRETHREN BOROUGH VILLAGE PROCESSION ENTRY HUGE CROWD ALWAYS THE PROCESSION THE EYE THE ONLY INHALATION AROMATIC FLOWERS HERBS THERIACA THYME DOCTORS PROLIFERATION SELLING USELESS CURES AMULETS CLAIMED MAGICAL FAMILIES WIPED CROPS MANUFACTURED GOODS SURVIVING VILLAGER LABOURERS VILLEINS EXTORTED WAGES ARISTOCRATIC LANDOWNERS PROSPERED ACQUIRED BROKE DOWN THE NORMAL DIVISIONS UPPER LOWER CLASSES MIDDLE LEAD DEATH EVIDENT MACABRE ARTWORKS THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH PIETER BREUGHEL THE ELDER LANDSCAPE SKELETONS KILLING ORDERS PEASANTS KINGS VARIETY CRUEL PERIOD QUARTER EVEN HIGHER CITIES VENICE EUROPES VIRULENT THIS TIME DIARRHOEA DYSENTERY IN 12 RECOVER LEVEL THE 16TH QUARANTINE INSTITUTED PUBLIC CONTROLS HEALTHY PEOPLE LANDING THE REPUBLIC OF RAGUSA ADRIATIC SEA DUBROVNIK STATION HARBOUR HAD TO SPEND THIRTY WHETHER ILL HEALTHY TOO SHORT THE LEVANT EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HOSPITAL FORTY DERI