ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS TABLE BIOLOGICAL DATA HABITAT REQUIREMENTS FIRE MANAGEMENT FIRE REGIME REFERENCES CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY ORDER CLASS FIGURE MULE DEER DEER FLAT NATIONAL WILDLIFE PHOTO COURTESY ADDISON USFWS ROBIN INFORMATION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH SCIENCES LABORATORY DEER THE SCIENTIFIC NAME THE MULE GROUP AS 7 SUBSPECIES ROCKY MOUNTAIN CALIFORNIA MULE DEER CEDROS ISLAND MULE DEER DESERT SOUTHERN PENINSULA TIBURON ISLAND TAXONOMIC STATUS CEDROS ISLAND THE INYO GENERALLY LONGER DISTINCT COLUMBIAN SITKA DISTINGUISHED BODY SIZE PELAGE SKULL DENTITION SIZE SHAPE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTINCTION NORTH AMERICAN QUESTION GENETIC ANALYSES VARIATION MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AREAS INTERBREED COEXIST GEIST RANGES OVERLAP HYBRIDS RARE IN THE WILD SURVIVAL CAPTIVITY REVIEW SYNTHESIZES THE GROUP COLLECTIVELY PUBLICATIONS TERM USED TO DESCRIBE DAMA ARTIODACTYLA MAMMAL GENERAL PLANT COMMUNITIES THE WESTERN UNITED REMOTE SENSING UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY CLICK NATIVE WESTERN NORTH AMERICA SCATTERED POPULATIONS FAR EAST WESTERN MINNESOTA IN MEXICO SOUTH BAJA CALIFORNIA ISLANDS THE SEA THE MEXICAN HAWAII PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND MAJOR GAPS MOJAVE SONORAN DESERTS SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA SOUTHWESTERN NORTHWESTERN COLD GRASSLANDS NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA SOUTHEASTERN THE CENTRAL VALLEY PROBABLY THE GREAT SALT LAKE BIOMES NORTH CENTRAL EXCEPT THE ARCTIC TUNDRA NORTHERN PACIFIC COAST CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN ALASKA MEXICO SPECIES DIVERSE HABITATS DENSE CONIFEROUS FORESTS OPEN PLAINS ALPINE PRAIRIES THE GREAT PLAINS SHRUBLANDS FORESTS ROCKY SAGEBRUSH DESERT SCRUB COMMUNITIES THE SOUTHWEST SUCCULENT FORAGE TERMS COASTAL UP TO SUBALPINE THE FIRE REGIME ON THE FIRE REGIMES CANADIAN BOREAL BOREAL FORESTS FOREST TYPES QUAKING ASPEN MIXED WOODLANDS BALSAM POPLAR BALSAMEA PAPER BIRCH RESIN BIRCH WHITE SPRUCE BALSAM FIR FOOTHILLS LODGEPOLE PINE BLACK SPRUCE NORTHERN FOOTHILLS SUBALPINE FIR PINE WOODLAND ECOTONE MARKS NORTHERN LIMITS BOREAL FOREST PREFER OPEN GRASSY SLOPES BORDERED RECENTLY BURNED NATURAL RANGE YUKON PACIFIC SITKA SPRUCE WESTERN REDCEDAR WESTERN HEMLOCK INLAND ALPINE TUNDRA REGIONS REDWOOD SEMPERVIRENS DOMINATE TO THE NORTH BRITISH THE COAST SILVER CASCADES RANGE PONDEROSA PINE COMMON THE SIERRA NEVADA SUGAR PINE RED FIR WHITEBARK PINE FOXTAIL PINE MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK MULE COMPRISED OF PACIFIC MADRONE CALIFORNIA BAY COULTER PINE CANYON LIVE OAK CHRYSOLEPIS COAST LIVE OAK PARTICULARLY MIXTURE OAKS BLUE OAK VALLEY OAK INTERIOR LIVE OAK PINES GRAY PINE CALIFORNIA CHAPARRAL MONOSPECIFIC CHAMISE MANZANITA CEANOTHUS MIXTURES SHRUBS WASHINGTON EAST SAGEBRUSH STEPPE ANTELOPE BITTERBRUSH SNOWBERRY ECOSYSTEM CODOMINANT RANGE SEMIDESERT SHRUBLAND MOUNTAIN HIGH DO NOT UNLESS TOPOGRAPHY RIPARIAN AREAS FOOD TRAVEL COVER PARTS RESTRICTED ALMOST RIPARIAN SONORAN DESERT UPPER IN OR ECOTONES INTERIOR CHAPARRAL GOOD THE GREAT SALTBUSH CLIFFROSE MEXICANA WINTERFAT LANATA GREAT BASIN BRISTLECONE FLEXILIS CONIFER MONTANE SCRUBLAND RANGELAND WINTER MEADOWS SERVE SUMMER RANGELANDS MOUNTAINOUS RIDGES PRIMARY GRAND FIR WESTERN LARCH WESTERN WHITE PINE IN VALLEYS ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION TRUE MONTANUS SCRUB WIDE VARIETY MONTANE FOREST BIG SAGEBRUSH JUNIPER UTAH ALLIGATOR ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER SHRUB TYPE BLUE SPRUCE ENGELMANN SPRUCE PREVALENT THE SOUTH ZONES THE PRAIRIES NORTHERN UNITED STATES RIVER SHRUBBY STREAM AGRICULTURAL LEVEL ROLLING THE TRANSITION PRAIRIE TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN WESTERN SNOWBERRY COMMON SNOWBERRY SILVER BUFFALOBERRY CHOKECHERRY GOLDEN CURRANT ROSE HARDWOOD GREEN ASH AMERICAN ELM BOXELDER FLOODPLAINS EASTERN COTTONWOOD WILLOW SALTCEDAR THE UNDERSTORY ALL SEASONS BUNCHGRASS AVAILABILITY HABITAT MANAGEMENT REVIEWS BIOLOGY AVAILABLE EDITED LIFE HISTORY RELEVANT DIET PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION COURTSHIP MATING REPRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR MOVEMENTS HOME RANGE POPULATION DENSITY LIFE SPAN LARGEST THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS MALES CARCASS WEIGHTS MALE ROOSEVELT NATIONAL FOREST AVERAGED POUNDS FEMALE LAKE GOOD CONDITION WANDERING ESTRUS POLYGYNOUS BOND SYSTEM SEEKS DOMINANT BUCK THE BUCK BRED ANTLERS BREED BREEDING SEASON BEGINS ENDS LOCATION BREEDING SHORT PERIOD THE MISSOURI RIVER REGION EASTERN MONTANA PREGNANT 21 NOVEMBER TIMES ESTROUS PERIOD FEMALES WEEKS ADULTS INTERVAL PERIODS ESTROUS CYCLE LASTS HOURS FAIL CONCEIVE GESTATION DAYS PARTURITION EXTREME BIRTH DATES COLORADO MEDINA FAWNS BE MORE ARID RAINY SEASONS THE SUMMER MONSOON SEASON STUDY TO 5 MOVE LATE SUMMER FALL WEIGH TO 11 LITTERS TWINS OPPOSITE BIRTH WEIGHT AFFECT THE EFFECT MATERNAL CONDITION FAWN THE YEAR BEFORE SHORTER GIVE NEWBORN HIDE MOTHERS HIDING BEGIN GREEN VEGETATION AT 2 WEANED YOUNG DRIVE AWAY GIVING BIRTH SOCIAL GROW LESS THAN AVERAGE ANDERSON GAIN WEIGHT THEIR LIVES REACHED MAXIMUM BODY WEIGHT MACKIE MONTANA CHANGED LITTLE SEXUAL MATURITY OLDER THE AGE NUTRITIONAL MALNOURISHED PREGNANCY TWINNING ADULT PRODUCE TRIPLETS QUADRUPLETS RATES LOCAL CONDITIONS POOREST THE BEST RESEARCH WILD POPULATION EXPERIMENT