POLAR BEAR URSUS MARITIMUS BEAR WHOSE NATIVE RANGE LIES THE ARCTIC CIRCLE THE ARCTIC OCEAN SIZE OMNIVOROUS KODIAK BEAR ARCTOS BOAR HALF SISTER SPECIES BROWN BEAR EVOLVED OCCUPY ECOLOGICAL NICHE MANY BODY COLD MOVING OPEN HUNTING SEALS MAKE UP POLAR BEARS ON LAND SPEND TIME ON THE SEA SCIENTIFIC NAME MEANS HUNT FOOD THE EDGE SEA ICE LIVING FAT DEPENDENCE CLASSIFIED MARINE MAMMAL HABITAT LOSS CAUSED CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABLE SPECIES NINETEEN RAISED INTERNATIONAL CONCERN THE FUTURE POPULATIONS CONTROLS QUOTAS THOUSANDS FIGURE THE MATERIAL CULTURAL CIRCUMPOLAR PEOPLES CONSTANTINE JOHN PHIPPS DESCRIBE DISTINCT SPECIES CHOSE THE SCIENTIFIC NAME LATIN THE ANIMALS NATIVE INUIT REFER TO THE ANIMAL NANOOK TRANSLITERATED NANUQ INUPIAT LANGUAGE YUPIK THE BEAR SIBERIAN YUPIK UMKA CHUKCHI LANGUAGE THE WHITE OLDER WORD COMES KOMI OURS WHITE BEAR POLAIRE SVALBARD ARCHIPELAGO ICE BEAR PREVIOUSLY BE IN GENUS THALARCTOS EVIDENCE HYBRIDS BROWN BEARS RECENT EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE SUPPORT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ACCEPTED THEREFORE THE BEAR FAMILY URSIDAE THOUGHT SPLIT CARNIVORANS MILLION YEARS AGO URSINAE SUBFAMILY FOSSIL JAW BONE PRINCE CHARLES FORELAND SHOW YEARS AGO THE POLAR BEARS MOLAR TEETH CHANGED BROWN POPULATION PERIOD GLACIATION PLEISTOCENE EASTERN SIBERIA KAMCHATKA DNA ANALYSIS MITOCHONDRIAL DNA URSUS CLADE RELATED MEANING MIGHT NOT SPECIES CONCEPTS MTDNA EXTINCT IRISH PARTICULARLY CLOSE POLAR COMPARISON NUCLEAR GENOME REVEALED FORMING GENETICALLY CLADES THE LATEST RESEARCH ANALYSIS COMPLETE GENOMES NUCLEAR FOR ALL THAT TIME CONTACT EACH OTHER DRIVEN ONTO NORTHWARD PERCENT GENETIC MATERIAL THE ABC ISLANDS BEARS BREED PRODUCE FERTILE HYBRID RATHER RECENTLY SUGGESTS MATING LONGER PERIOD OF TIME THUS NEITHER SURVIVE MORPHOLOGY METABOLISM SOCIAL FEEDING PHENOTYPIC GENERALLY DOCUMENTED SUBSPECIES IDENTIFIED URSUS MARITIMUS MARITIMUS CONSTANTINE MARINUS PETER SIMON PALLAS DISTINCTION ALLEGED URSUS MARITIMUS TYRANNUS TYRANNUS THE LIVING THE FOSSIL ACTUALLY TYPE ADJACENT MASSES SOUTH NEWFOUNDLAND THE ABSENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REMOTE ORIGINAL RANGE EXTANT CARNIVORE RARE NORTH ALL THE WAY JAMES BAY BOUNDARY SUBARCTIC HUMID CONTINENTAL CLIMATE DRIFT ANECDOTAL SIGHTINGS NORWEGIAN MAINLAND KURIL ISLANDS THE SEA OF OKHOTSK ESTIMATE GLOBAL POPULATION THE RANGE POORLY BIOLOGISTS DISCRETE EXIST DENSITIES AREA BASIN DISPLAY SEASONAL FIDELITY PARTICULAR DNA THIRTEEN NORTH AMERICAN THE BEAUFORT SEA HUDSON BAY EAST WESTERN GREENLAND ACCOUNT THE EURASIA BROKEN UP EASTERN GREENLAND BARENTS SEA KARA SEA LAPTEV SEA CHUKCHI SEA UNCERTAINTY THE STRUCTURE LIMITED MARK AND RECAPTURE THE TERRITORY NATIONS DENMARK GREENLAND NORWAY SVALBARD RUSSIA THE UNITED STATES ALASKA CANADA SIGNATORIES THE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT ON THE CONSERVATION COOPERATION CONSERVATION MODERN TRACKING POLAR BEAR POPULATIONS PERFORM ACCURATE COUNTS FLYING HELICOPTER CLIMATE FIND SHOOTING TRANQUILIZER DART SEDATE TAGGING NUNAVUT REPORTED HUMAN SETTLEMENTS LEADING BELIEF SCIENTISTS HUNGRY THE ILLUSION HIGHER POLAR BEAR SPECIALIST GROUP IUCN SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION TAKES THE POSITION ESTIMATES SUBPOPULATION SUSTAINABLE HARVEST SHOULD BASIS TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC STUDIES NINE AS OF MONTHS OF THE YEAR AT SEA THE ONLY FEET COVER MILES ON FOOT RUN ON HABITAT THE ANNUAL COVERING THE WATERS THE CONTINENTAL SHELF ARCHIPELAGO RING OF LIFE HIGH BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY THE DEEP WATERS THE HIGH AREAS POLYNYA LEADS OPEN WATER ARCTIC ICE FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS SNOW ABLE WATER SEAL THE PERIMETER POLAR ICE PACK TO THE NORTH POLE DENSITY ANNUAL ICE APPEAR THE YEAR THE WEATHER IN RESPONSE MUST FOLLOW SUMMER EVENT BREAKUP FORCING TO GO WAIT THE MONTHS THE NEXT CHUKCHI BEAUFORT RETREAT FURTHER NORTH REMAINS FROZEN SIMILAR ADULT MALE WEIGH MEASURE TOTAL LENGTH THE GUINNESS BOOK OF WORLD AVERAGE MALE BODY MASS SHOULDER HEIGHT SMALLER THAN KODIAK BEARS MATURE MALES ADULT FEMALES NORMALLY MEASURING ELSEWHERE AVERAGE WEIGHT CLAIMED PINNIPED ELEPHANT SEAL LARGEST ON RECORD WEIGHING SHOT KOTZEBUE SOUND NORTHWESTERN ALASKA STOOD TALL TAIL RANGING BODY BUILD SKULL PREDICTED ALLENS RULE NORTHERLY THE LEGS EARS WALKING ON THIN ICE PROPULSION SWIMMING PADS PAWS SOFT TRACTION ON THE ICE CLAWS SHORT SERVE NEED TO GRIP HEAVY DEEPLY ASSIST DIGGING THE NATURAL INJURY PATTERNS FORELIMBS INJURIES THE RIGHT FORELIMB BE MORE TO THE LEFT CAPTIVITY OVERWEIGHT REACTION CONDITIONS THE TEETH THE CHEEK TEETH SMALLER JAGGED DENTAL FORMULA UP TO ADIPOSE TISSUE HIDE TEMPERATURES ABOVE NEARLY INVISIBLE INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY LAYER DENSE UNDERFUR OUTER GUARD HAIR WHITE THE GUARD HAIR MOULT ARCTIC DO NOT SHED COAT DARKER SHADE CAMOUFLAGE THEMSELVES IN THE SUMMER THE HOLLOW GUARD HAIRS ONCE LIGHT BLACK WHERE IT HYPOTHESIS DISPROVED STUDY YELLOWS KEPT THE FUR TURN PALE SHADE OF GREEN ALGAE INSIDE HAIRS FORELEGS INCREASE LENGTH FUNCTION THE LIONS DEVELOPED SENSE OF SMELL DETECT AWAY BURIED HEARING ACUTE VISION GOOD EXCELLENT SWIMMER SWIM DAYS FRIGID BERING SEA REACH BODY FAT DOG PADDLE FASHION LUMBERING GAIT AVERAGE SP