CONTACT TERMS OF USE TAKING FEEDBACK IUCN RED LIST THREATENED SPECIES WE ARE YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS DATA SOURCES ENHYDRA LUTRIS ASSESSMENT SUMMARY CLASSIFICATION IMAGES EXTERNAL LINKS BIBLIOGRAPHY FULL ACCOUNT TAXONOMY INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIC RANGE POPULATION HABITAT ECOLOGY TRADE THREATS CONSERVATION TRANSLATE PAGE KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CARNIVORA MUSTELIDAE SCIENTIFIC NAME SPECIES COMMON NAME ENGLISH SEA OTTER SPANISH NUTRIA MARINA FRENCH MUSTELA LUTRA TAXONOMIC REGIONAL SUBSPECIES CONFIRMED LUTRIS ASIAN KURIL ISLANDS SOUTHEAST KAMCHATKA PENINSULA THE COMMANDER ALEUTIAN ISLANDS PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND THE PACIFIC COAST CANADA OREGON STATE THE CONTINENTAL NEREIS CENTRAL CATEGORY ENDANGERED DATE ASSESSOR REVIEWER CRITERION PAST BELIEVED DECLINE THE PAST 45 YEARS GENERATIONS SEA OTTERS ANIMALS THE END THE COMMERCIAL FUR TRADE IN RUSSIA KURIL THE UNITED STATES ALASKA ALASKA PENINSULA KODIAK ARCHIPELAGO THE REMNANT GENETIC DIVERSITY AREAS THANKS TO INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT CONTEMPORARY POTENTIAL FISHERIES PREDATION DISEASE POPULATIONS THRIVING CAUSED DECLINES THE UNITED IN CALIFORNIA SLOW GROWTH VULNERABILITY ANTHROPOGENIC SUBPOPULATION BEGINNING COUNTS DECLINING TREND BURN PROBABLE CAUSE THE DECLINE KILLER WHALES RECENT BELOW CARRYING CAPACITY THIS REGION FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE STOCK ASSESSMENT COOK INLET STABLE INCREASING PERIOD DOCUMENTED THE SOUTHWEST SURVEYED INFECTIOUS FACTOR CALIFORNIA JOHNSON COLLECTED NECROPSIES DEAD SEA OTTERS SAMPLING STRONG LINK PROTOZOAN TOXOPLASMA GONDII BREED CATS COLE CONRAD THUS THE SEA OTTER FACTORS IDENTIFIED CAUSING ACANTHOCEPHALAN PERITONITIS PROTOZOAL BACTERIAL FUNGAL INFECTIONS RUSSIAN PREVIOUS NUMBER ISLANDS REACHED MAXIMUM LAST DIRECT COUNT REVEALED BERING COMMANDERS ISLAND NEVER ESTIMATES CAUSES THE THREAT POACHING CANT RULED PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED LOWER RISK CONCERN THE NORTH PACIFIC RANGING PENINSULAR SOUTH COASTAL BAJA MEXICO THE EARLY WORLDWIDE INDIVIDUALS APPEARS HARVESTS LOCAL REDUCTIONS THE ARRIVAL EXPLORERS COMMERCIAL HARVEST THE NEXT 15 PROTECTION THE INTERNATIONAL FUR SEAL TREATY PROBABLY FEWER IN 13 COLONIES KAMCHATKA SOUTHWESTERN KODIAK REMNANT POPULATION WILLIAM CHARLOTTE BENITO THE QUEEN SAN BENITO ISLAND DIED NORTH CONTINUOUS GAPS THE GULF YAKUTAT OUTER ISLANDS SOUTHEAST ALASKA THE NEXT POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BRITISH TRANSLOCATION WASHINGTON STATE OREGON WASHINGTON UNITED MARINE FISHING DEPTH LIMIT HERE OPEN THE MAP VIEWER EXPLORE NORTHERN JAPAN THE CENTRAL BAJA PENINSULA IN MEXICO ABUNDANCE REDUCED HUMAN EXPLOITATION TOTAL OF 10 KODIAK ISLAND SAN BENITO PARTS THE RUSSIAN EAST REPORTS OBSERVATIONS POPULATION ESTIMATES GIVE REPORTED SOUTHWEST ALASKA STOCK ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT STRATEGIC THE MARINE MAMMAL DENSITIES CASTLE CAPE ATTU ISLAND ISLAND CHAIN LONGER FUNCTIONS KEY STONE SPECIES MODERATE NUMBERS EVIDENCE OVERALL THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OIL AND GAS LEASE IMPACT RANGE EXPANSION CONTINUE POPULATION GROWTH RATES PREDICTED LEGAL ILLEGAL DIVE CLARIFICATIONS DEFINITION OF ALTERED NATIVE FISH WILDLIFE LEADERSHIP BOUNTY PELTS HELP REDUCE ORDER PROTECT SHELL THE NORTH AMERICAN SHIPPED THE WEST VANCOUVER BRITISH COLUMBIA CANADA HEALTHY AS OF TOFINO AMCHITKA ISLAND ESTIMATE THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA DESTRUCTION ISLAND PILLAR WASHINGTON STATES DOWN UNPUBLISHED THE DESCENDANTS COLONY SOUTHERN DISCOVERED BIG SUR PRINCIPAL SAN FRANCISCO SANTA BARBARA COUNTY FULLY PROTECTED STATE LAW IN CALIFORNIA NUMERICALLY ANNUAL GROWTH RATE SHARK RELATED THE RANGE SHARK BITES PRIMARY CAUSE AT THIS TIME PROGRAMME RECENTLY TERMINATED SAN NICOLAS ISLAND DIMINISHED INCREASE RECOVERY MAJOR TRENDS VARIETY SHORE ENVIRONMENTS FORAGING WATER IN DEPTH KILOMETRE CLASSIC ASSOCIATION ROCKY KELP OCEAN KELP FORESTS BARRIER REEFS LIVE IN FLOOR GENERALLY OCCUPY HOME RANGE KILOMETRES FORAGE COMMUNITIES OCEAN FLOOR AVERAGE DEPTHS FEMALE MALE TERRITORIAL FIGHTING AGGRESSION RARE ADULT MALE MALES PATROL BOUNDARIES ATTEMPT ADULT FEMALES MOVE MALE AND FEMALE REST ANNUAL HOME RANGES UP TO COASTLINE LOUGHLIN TIMES RESIDENT BREEDING SEASON SMALLER LIFETIME MEAN OF 40 SIZE EQUAL TO TERRITORY LENGTH DIET ALMOST MARINE INVERTEBRATES BIVALVES CLAMS AND MUSSELS RANGES TINY LIMPETS CRABS GIANT OCTOPUSES ABALONES ROCK HABITATS CLAMS CRAB MAKE UP THE DIET ABALONE PRESENT SELECT ONES SIMILAR TYPE IGNORE SMALLER THAN THREE INCHES ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO THE FISH EATEN BOTTOM DWELLING SEDENTARY THE RED IRISH LORD GLOBEFISH TURBAN SEA CUCUMBERS TUBEWORMS SEA STARS AMES BIVALVE MOLLUSCS DIGGING SAND COMMON REACH SEXUAL MATURITY FIVE OR SIX DO NOT MATURE SOME ARE MONSON BIELA APPARENTLY POLYGYNOUS EXACT NATURE MATING SYSTEM NORMALLY BIRTH TWINNING LITTERS NEITHER TO SURVIVE PUPS DEPENDENT MOTHERS MONTHS LONGEVITY TAKEN EUROPEANS AMERICANS TO THE NORTH AMERICA EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PURSUIT THE ATLANTIC BEAVER BASES FURS GOOD PROFIT PRIZED ORIENTAL SPAIN THE PIONEER NATIONS ENGAGE VITUS BERING EXPEDITIONS PROMYSHLENNIKI PUSHED EASTWARD PERMANENT RUSSIAN SETTLEMENT IN ORGANIZED AT THE OPENING THE NINET