MEMPHIS ANCIENT HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA FOLLOW US MEMBERSHIP INDEX TIMELINE EXPLORE IMAGES TOOLS ANCIENT ATLAS WEIGHTS RANDOM PAGE LATIN DICTIONARY CONTENT STYLE GUIDE TERMS CONDITIONS JOIN THE TEAM TRAVEL CULTURE PHOTOS EXHIBITIONS INTERVIEWS EDUCATION ABOUT ABOUT EDITORIAL TEAM ANNUAL REPORTS CONTACT PRIVACY ADVERTISEMENTS SUPPORT HOW TO HELP DONATE BOOKSHOP SHOP LOGIN REGISTER DEFINITION JOSHUA MARK PUBLISHED 20 SEPTEMBER CITIES ENTRANCE THE NILE RIVER VALLEY GIZA PLATEAU THE CAPITAL EGYPT RELIGIOUS CULT THE ORIGINAL NAME MEANS MUD BRICK PAINTED THE OLD KINGDOM ENDURING TRANSLATED THE GREEKS ALLEGEDLY THE KING MENES UNITED THE TWO LANDS THE KINGS THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD OLD KINGDOM RULED COMMERCIAL CULTURAL FEATURES THE PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY NO DOUBT EXISTED PREDYNASTIC PERIOD LOCATION NATURAL TIMES THE END ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HISTORY THE ROMAN ROLE LIVES KINGS COMMERCE THE GREAT RELIGIOUS TEMPLES DREW PILGRIMS FAMOUS THE COUNTRY MONUMENTS IN OR ALEXANDER HIMSELF CROWNED PHARAOH THE ROSETTA STONE STELE THE SECRET EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS REMOVE ADVERTISEMENT THE ROMANS ANNEXED THIS WAS THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY 4TH CENTURY CE PEOPLE SHRINES THE EGYPTIAN THE 7TH THE ARAB WHOSE BUILDINGS HARVESTED STONE THE FOUNDATIONS CAIRO SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIAN MANETHO CLAIMS KING OF EGYPT UNIFICATION AT THIS TIME MEANING OF THE SOUL PTAH PROBABLY FERTILITY GOD ELEVATED THE POSITION THE BEGINNING OF THE PROTECTOR AREA PATRON DEITY HIS HONOR INSCRIPTIONS CREDIT BUILDING SUCCESSOR SAID TO CHANGED THE COURSE WIDE PLAIN SEEMS ENDURES PERSONAL NAME DOWN BUILDER NARMER THE LEGEND VISIT THE RIVER VERSION TALE WHOM LEGENDS GAVE GREEK NAME EGYPTIANS THEMSELVES COUNTRY DARK TESTAMENT THE POWER FAME EARLY HISTORY WALLS WHITE GLEAM IN THE SUN MILES EVIDENCE THE ACTUAL EPITHET AT THE BEGINNING THE THIRD DYNASTY DJOSER PRIOR BURIED TOWARD SECOND DYNASTY OF EGYPT CLOSE STATUS ALREADY SEAT OF POWER PRESTIGE CHOOSING NEARBY MORTUARY COMPLEX PYRAMID THE WHITE KING ATTENTION ETERNAL EGYPTOLOGIST KATHRYN BARD NORTH SAQQARA CEMETERY LIMESTONE RIDGE THE VALLEY PRESENCE IMPRESSIVE SYMBOLS CITY WALLS TOBY WILKINSON THE WALLS THE CENTRAL PALACE WILKINSON WHITE WALL MUST SYMBOLISM THE WHITE HOUSE MODERN ROYAL THE LAND HIGH REGARD POSSIBLE NOTES HIGH OFFICIALS FUNERARY SUGGESTS ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE EXCAVATIONS UNEARTHED POTTERY GRAVE GOODS DATING FIRST DYNASTY OF EGYPT EVEN THOUGH CAPITAL SNEFERU REIGNED IN THE CITY COMMISSIONED PERFECTED THE ART OF WORK IN INITIATED VIZIER CHIEF ARCHITECT IMHOTEP KHUFU BUILD SUCCESS CREATE THE GREAT PYRAMID KHAFRE MENKAURE PYRAMIDS SEAT BUREAUCRACY ORGANIZE KIND LABOR FORCE RESOURCES NECESSARY KING OF 5TH DYNASTY USERKAF GIZA FLOURISHING NECROPOLIS PRIESTS THE GODS FEATURING PRIVATE GROW MIRRORED THE TEMPLE RAISED HONOR SAME TIME THE CULT THE SUN BECOMING POPULAR THE PRIESTS FINDING NO MORE ROOM CHOSE ABUSIR THE SITE TEMPLE POPULARITY REIGN 6TH DYNASTY PEPI MARGARET BEAUTIFUL MONUMENT SOON DESIGNATE ITSELF MENFI CENTURIES POWER LOCAL WEALTHY THE AUTHORITY PEPI II DECLINED DROUGHT THE GOVERNMENT NOTHING POWER STRUCTURE RISE THEBES SERVE THE ERA FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD THE RECORDS THIS TIME CONFUSED DYNASTIES LEGITIMACY TRADITIONAL THE ONLY ASPECT RULE IN COMMON MONARCHS ENTERTAINED BELIEF IN THE LOCAL THE DISTRICTS COMMUNITIES SEEM ACKNOWLEDGMENT IN NAME ONLY POINT 8TH DYNASTY CITY OF HERAKLEOPOLIS AUTHORITY REASONS THE MOVE RELEVANCE TRADITIONALLY CHAOS ACTUALLY REGIONAL GOVERNORS MORE POWER GOVERNMENT LONGER STRONG NOMARCHS DISTRICTS EXPERIENCED POWERFUL LEADERSHIP PROVINCIAL CITY UPPER EGYPT INTEF ENERGIZED THE THEBANS WARRING WEAK CENTRAL MENTUHOTEP II THEBAN PREVIOUSLY ROSE GOVERNOR INTEF II THOUGHT RAISE KARNAK AMENEMHAT CENTERS THE MIDDLE CONSTRUCTION OF TEMPLE OF KARNAK THE GOD SHRINE ADDING THE DECLINE KINGDOM THE 13TH AMUN TRADING VISITORS MEMPHIS IN NEW KINGDOM INSTABILITY SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD THE HYKSOS LOWER EGYPT CONTROL EGYPTIAN NORTHERN STRONGHOLD CARRYING WRITERS CLAIMED EGYPTIAN CULTURE OPPRESSED THE CULTURE EMULATED SHOWS DAMAGE STRUCTURES AVARIS DRIVEN AHMOSE REUNITED RAISING AKHENATEN ATEN AMARNA PERIOD CLOSED WORSHIP RAMESSES II NEW CITY NUMBER RESPECT THE SECOND CITY IMPORTANCE ALWAYS HIGH LEVEL OF CITIES SUFFERED NEGLECT IN 67 THE ASSYRIAN ESARHADDON INVADED THE COMMUNITY SURVIVE INVASION RESISTANCE ASSYRIAN OCCUPATION ASHURBANIPAL IN 66 ASSYRIANS POSITIONS SAITE PHARAOHS 26TH DYNASTY REBUILT 525 BCE THE PERSIAN GENERAL ARMY PELUSIUM MARCHING ON FORTIFIED SATRAPY PERSIAN EGYPT 331 BCE LINKING THE GREEK LEVEL PTOLEMY BODY ENTOMBED CULT SERAPIS PTOLEMY II ALEXANDRIA PROJECTS SERAPEUM THE GREAT LIBRARY JEWEL LEARNING BEGIN SECULAR AUTHORITIES PTOLEMIES NEW BUILDINGS ALAN LLOYD EMBELLISHED SPECTACULAR COMPLETE REMAINS PHARAONIC ELSEWHERE HOMES FACTORIES ARTWORK KEPT REPUTATION GOOD STANDING DECREE 196 BCE DECLINE DEATH THE LAST CLEOPATRA VII PORT FOCAL POINT ROMAN ADMINISTRATION OF FEWER 5TH CENTURY CE CHRISTIANITY DOMINANT RELIGION THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN DECAY ARAB INVASION DISMANTLED USED TO FUST