BATTLE OF TOURS THE BATTLE OF TOURS THE BATTLE OF POITIERS CONFUSED LEADER CHARLES MARTEL MASSIVE ISLAMIC ARMY EMIR ABDUL RAHMAN AL GHAFIQI AL RAHMAN CITY OF THE FRANKS ABD ER RAHMAN BATTLE NORTHWARD ADVANCE ISLAM IBERIAN PENINSULA MACROHISTORICAL ISLAMIC CHRISTIANITY FAITH PERIOD THE REMAINS ROMAN PERSIAN EMPIRES COMBATANTS CHARLES ESTIMATES ARMY DEFENDING GAUL DENIS CLOSER BESIDES ESTIMATE FRACTURED RAIDING PARTIES CARRY OUT PILLAGING CULTURED ENTIRE MUSLIM PRESENT TOURS ARAB SIX DAYS WAITED BEGIN COLUMNS THE SEVENTH DAY EASTERN AND WESTERN THE BATTLE ARMIES FULL STRENGTH PRELUDE MUSLIMS NORTHERN SPAIN SEPTIMANIA CAPITAL NARBONNE ARIAN INHABITANTS HONORABLE QUICKLY PACIFIED THE SOUTH FOR SOME DUKE ODO OF AQUITAINE ALSO KNOWN AS EUDES THE GREAT MAJOR INVASION FORCE REACHING AUTUN THE ARABS IN THE SOUTH ALLIED HIMSELF UTHMAN IBN NAISSA BERBER UTHMAN DAUGHTER MARRIAGE SEAL THE PYRENEES SOUTHERN BORDER CEASED THE NEXT REBELLED THE GOVERNOR CRUSHED ATTENTION UNIDENTIFIED DUKE EUDES KING COLLECTED BORDEAUX THE SLAUGHTER CHRISTIANS AT THE RIVER GARONNE EVIDENTLY ISIDORUS PACENSIS DEUS ALONE KNOWS NUMBER DEVASTATED HISTORIES SAYING PIERCED ROUGH LEVEL PLUNDERS THE COUNTRY WITH THEM APPEALED THE ARAB PROCEEDING NORTH TOWARD THE RIVER LOIRE ALREADY SUPPLY TRAIN RESISTANCE THAT PART SPLIT SIMPLY LOOTING BODY ADVANCED MILITARY EXPLANATION BATTLE OF TOULOUSE SURPRISE ATTACK WHOSE DEFENSIVE WORKS ATTACKED FROM THE OUTSIDE NEVER CHANCE MEET OPEN ABSOLUTE DEVASTATION ALMOST ALL WHOM MINIMAL EUROPEAN TROOPS THEREFORE ARMOURED CAVALRY VIRTUALLY HEAVY CAVALRY BROKE CHRISTIAN INFANTRY SLAUGHTERED AT WILL SOUTHERN COMPLETE THE MAJOR POSSIBLE CONTINUATOR FREDEGAR THE RICHES THE ABBEY SAINT MARTIN OF TOURS SHRINE WESTERN EUROPE HEARING AUSTRASIA MAYOR OF THE PALACE SOUTH ROMAN ROADS HOPING BY SURPRISE LOCATION THE GREAT IMPORTANCE EXACT REMAINS EACH OTHER RIVERS CLAIN VIENNE JOIN CHOSE ARABIAN SOURCES DREW CERTAINLY ARMORED BERBERS LESS BRILLIANT SUPERIOR MINOR NO GOOD LIKED TO LET PICK THE GROUND CONDITIONS MARTEL DONE THEORY PROBABLY STRATEGIC CHOICE BEEN TO DECLINE CAPTURED TOWNS RETURN HUGE ADVANTAGE TRUE WIDE HAD TO DEPEND FOOT SOLDIERS EVERYTHING IN THE END FEEL COMPELLED TO GO LOOT NEITHER WANTED TERRAIN ADVANTAGE INTENSE WANT TO THOUGHT MIGHT BE NUMERICALLY BELIEVE IT TO COME OUT IN THE OPEN PACKED ONCE ADVANTAGES WAITING THE FIGHT POSTPONE TRUSTED TACTICAL SUPERIORITY CHARGE THIS TIME ARMED SWORDS VICTORY PREVIOUS RARE MEDIEVAL STOOD CAVALRY SOLDIERS TIMES THE INTERIOR FRANKS TRANSLATION ACCOUNT SOURCE BOOK SHOCK MEN OF THE NORTH CANNOT CLOSE FORMING AS IT BULWARK DOWN DRAWN BAND THE PEOPLE OF HANDS BREASTS MIGHT UNDER CONTROL FIGHTING SCOUTS RAID THE CAMP SLAVES RACED CAMP SAVE RETREAT SOON ORDER BREAK LASTED CLAIM RUMOR BOOTY TAKEN SENT CAUSE CHAOS BASE CAMP FREE DRAW BEYOND THE REST STOP THE NEXT DAY RENEW FEARED RECONNAISSANCE DISCOVERED AFTERMATH NICKNAME MEANING DRIVE FRANCE FORCED SUZERAINTY WISHED UNITE DUCHY TO HIMSELF PROPER HOMAGE THE NOBILITY HUNOLD DUKEDOM INVADED PROVENCE THE CALIPHATE LAUNCHED NAVAL ARAB INVASION ABDUL CONFLICT STRONGHOLDS MONTFRIN ARLES THE HELP KING OF THE LOMBARDS ISALM FELL FORTRESSES SMASHED PRIMARY MIGHTY HOST OUTSIDE THE FIRST TIME COORDINATION OUTNUMBERED FAILED FOREIGN AUGMENT ABILITY COORDINATE VETERANS FACE NUMBERS THEM AGAIN BELIEVE PARTICULAR CHRISTIAN EUROPE IN THE DARK COMMANDER EXCELLANCE ABLE CRUSH HEAT ADAPT PLANS WEAPONRY BRAVE FIGHTING MEN THE LAST QUALITY DEFINES GENUINE GREATNESS MILITARY COMMANDER DANGERS FIERCE LOYALTY OFFSET AGAIN AND AGAIN THE ENEMY COOLY SHIFTING PUTTING BASES EXPAND INFLUENCE GIBBONS GENERATION THE MAJORITY MODERN EXPERTS IN WORLD IN CONTROL REACHED THE LOCAL POPULATION FIRM YUSUF COMMON DEFENSE HEEL VITAL KEEP FOOTHOLD ITSELF CAME OUT ATTEMPT SIEGE MUSLIM ARAB VISIGOTH LEFT PIPPIN THE SHORT CHARLAMAGNE RULER ACTUALLY RECONQUISTA EUROPE THE EAST PENINSULA MARCA HISPANICA TODAY GIRONA BARCELONA BUFFER ZONE WESTERN HISTORY CONTEMPORARIES BEDE THEOPHANES KEEN SPELL SAW EDWARD GIBBON CONTEND THE MOORS DIVIDED GIBBON VICTORIOUS LINE OF MARCH ABOVE THOUSAND MILES THE ROCK OF GIBRALTAR THE BANKS REPETITION EQUAL SPACE SARACENS POLAND THE HIGHLANDS THE RHINE THE NILE FLEET NAVAL COMBAT THE MOUTH THE THAMES INTERPRETATION OF TAUGHT CIRCUMCISED PEOPLE SANCTITY TRUTH THE REVELATION ISLAMIC INVASIONS DANGER THE WINDOW TOULOUSE CALIPHATE CIVIL WAR UMAYYAD DYNASTY WIPED EXCEPT THE PRINCES UMAYYAD EMIRATE IN OPPOSITION ABBASID CALIPH FATHER WESTERN STOLE TROUBLE ENEMIES TOOLS PRIDE SEIZING HIS PEOPLE DESTROY FORESIGHT MOVING STRIKE SHORT WINSTON FAMOUS FIGHT YOUR NEIGHBORS BACK YARD HAVE TO FRONT IN 5 CONJUNCTION THE MODERN READ AUTHORITY EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE SAYS EXPANSION AS WE KNOW IT REALISTIC VIEWPOINT INFIDELS ANTONIO SANTOSUOSSO PROFESSOR EMERITUS THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN EXPERT HISTORIAN THE ERA DISPUTE PUBLISHED INTERESTING EXPERT OPINION ON SUCCESSOR CASE WESTERN CHRISTIANITY PRESERVATION CENTERS LEARNING OUT OF THE DARK BATTLES PERMANENT OUTPOSTS