SPINOSAURUS SPINE LIZARD GENUS THEROPOD DINOSAUR LIVED WHAT NOW NORTH AFRICA ALBIAN CENOMANIAN STAGES CRETACEOUS PERIOD ABOUT TO MILLION YEARS AGO EGYPT REMAINS DISCOVERED GERMAN PALEONTOLOGIST ERNST STROMER THE ORIGINAL IN WORLD WAR II MATERIAL LIGHT RECENT WHETHER SPECIES REPORTED THE SCIENTIFIC THE BEST POTENTIAL MOROCCO LARGEST CARNIVOROUS DINOSAURS TYRANNOSAURUS GIGANOTOSAURUS ESTIMATES PUBLISHED LENGTH ESTIMATE COMPLETE FINDING REACH LENGTHS GREATER THAN THE SKULL SIMILAR MODERN CROCODILIA EATEN SCIENTISTS BELIEVE HUNTED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS ON LAND WATER CROCODILIAN VERTEBRA SKIN FORMING STRUCTURE AUTHORS FAT MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS FORWARD THERMOREGULATION CONTENDER FRIEDRICH VON HUENE DONALD MASSIVE THEROPODS GREGORY PAUL THEROPOD GAVE SUCHOMIMUS BODY PROPORTIONS RELATION SKULL CALCULATED BODY MASS THE CUBE BODY SCALING THE RANGE PRODUCE THERRIEN DONALD HENDERSON PAPER PREVIOUS SIZE THE WEIGHT THE ANIMAL SHORTER LIGHTER CARCHARODONTOSAURUS HENDERSON STUDY THE CHOICE COMPARISON USED TO INITIAL EQUATIONS TYRANNOSAURID CARNOSAURS BUILD SPINOSAURIDS THE ASSUMPTION LITTLE IMPROVEMENT PRECISION THE DISCOVERY OF AVAILABLE FOR SOME LIMB BONES UNKNOWN VERY TALL NEURAL SPINES BASIS THE ANIMALS SAIL REACHED TIMES DIAMETERS VERTEBRAL BODIES LONGER FRONT THE BASE HIGHER THIN RODS SEEN PELYCOSAUR EDAPHOSAURUS DIMETRODON IGUANODONTIAN OURANOSAURUS SAILS ORNITHOPOD MILLION YEARS GENERAL REGION THE SOUTH AMERICAN SAUROPOD MIGHT DEVELOPED STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS THE SAIL ANALOG PERMIAN SYNAPSID BEFORE THE DINOSAURS CONVERGENT EVOLUTION THE STRUCTURE RATHER THINK THE EXISTENCE HUMP INTERNAL SUPPORT JACK BOWMAN BAILEY DINOSAURS THE DINOSAURS EXTINCT MAMMALS MEGACEROPS BISON LATIFRONS SNOUT STRAIGHT TEETH SEVEN UPPER PREMAXILLA TWELVE MAXILLA BEHIND THE REST THE TEETH SPACE ANTERIOR LOWER JAW THE SNOUT HOLDING ANTERIOR TEETH PRESENT THE DIMENSIONS MSNM VIII POSTORBITAL SHAPE IRRITATOR SHAPES SPINOSAURID PERFORMED ANDREW CUFF EMILY RAYFIELD RESISTANCE SKULLS TORSION OTHER MEMBERS OF GROUP THUS SHOWING PREYED FISH PREDATORS NAME SPINOSAURIDAE FAMILY SUBFAMILIES BARYONYCHINAE SPINOSAURINAE BARYONYX SOUTHERN ENGLAND NIGER CENTRAL AFRICA BRAZIL ANGATURAMA PROBABLY SYNONYMOUS SHARE UNSERRATED STRAIGHT TEETH SPACED ON ONE SERRATED CURVED CLADOGRAM SHOWS ANALYSIS TETANURAE SHOW SPINOSAURUS AEGYPTIACUS EGYPTIAN THE EARLY RICHARD MARKGRAF SKELETON DINOSAUR BAHARIYA FORMATION WESTERN ARTICLE SPECIMEN BAHARIYA VERTEBRAE HINDLIMB DESIGNATED ENOUGH BELONG TO BORNE THE ADVANTAGE EXPEDITIONS APPEARS PERTAIN SIGILMASSASAURUS DALE RUSSELL IN AS NECK RUSSELL CLAIMED THE RATIO THE CENTRUM BODY OF VERTEBRA THE HEIGHT POSTERIOR ARTICULAR FACET SPLIT NOTE HOLOTYPE SPECIMEN CANNOT CERVICAL VERTEBRAE RETAINED VALID RESEARCHERS NOMEN DUBIUM JUNIOR SYNONYM HOLOTYPE THE MATERIAL RIGHT AND LEFT MEASURING PIECE THE LEFT DRAWN DORSAL SACRAL VERTEBRAE CAUDAL VERTEBRA THORACIC RIBS GASTRALIA THE NINE WHOSE DORSAL VERTEBRA THE NIGHT OF BRITISH BOMBING RAID MUNICH DAMAGED BUILDING HOUSING THE MUSEUM STATE COLLECTION DRAWINGS DESCRIPTIONS DONATED ARCHIVES SMITH PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPH ENTIRE ORIGINAL OLIVER CHIMERA CARCHARODONTOSAURID ACROCANTHOSAURUS DENTARY REJECTED THE CANADIAN MUSEUM NATURE KEM KEM BEDS FRAGMENT NEURAL ARCH LOCALITY INFORMATION THEREFORE IT MNHN THE NATIONAL PREMAXILLAE VOMER WIDTH ALBIAN AGE BELIEVED THE COLLECTION THE OFFICE NATIONAL STRATUM CHENINI FORMATION TUNISIA ALVEOLI EXISTING THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PALEONTOLOGICAL CONNECTED NASAL FLUTED FROM THE REGION BETWEEN THE EYES LITERATURE CIVIC NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM IN MILAN COLLEAGUES MUSEO DI STORIA NATURALE DI MILANO THOUGHT COME FROM SUBADULT NORTH IBRAHIM NEOTYPE REJECT DESIGNATION CERVICAL DORSAL VERTEBRAE SACRUM PEDAL FRAGMENTS THE BODY HIND LIMBS INDEED SMALLER PREVIOUSLY CONSIST SCATTERED PRISMATIC STRUCTURES TOOTH ENAMEL THE UNIVERSITY OF GERMANY RIGHT JAW TOOTH DEPOSIT SOUTHEASTERN MOROCCO IN MADER TO THE TEETH SOMEWHAT LACK EDGES CHARACTERISTIC BASAL ARCHOSAUR FORMATION FOSSIL TRADE KEM KEM BED ATTRIBUTED WIDE POSSIBLE BELONGING GRITS KENYA THE OTHER DISPUTED FUNCTION UNCERTAIN HYPOTHESES HEAT REGULATION FEATURE MAKE IT APPEAR OTHER ANIMALS BLOOD VESSELS SURFACE AREA CLIMATES NIGHTTIME TEMPERATURES COOL THE SKY RADIATE EXCESS HEAT COLLECT RATIO OVERALL VOLUME HALDANES PRINCIPLE FACE GREATER PROBLEMS DISSIPATING GAINING THE SKIN AREA MINIMUM INCREASE TURNED AWAY FROM THE SUN DEGREE ANGLE COOLING EFFECTIVELY ITSELF CLIMATE CRETACEOUS AFRICA OPINION FATTY BACKS ENERGY STORAGE SHIELDING ANIMALS SERVE THE OPPOSITE SEX IN A WAY PEACOCK SPECULATED MALES FEMALES NEURAL SPINE DORSAL SAIL DORSAL FINS SAILFISH HYDRODYNAMIC POINT ROUND THEREFORE ARGUE NEURAL MANNER EMPLOYED TAIL STUN THRESHER SHARK HERDING BAIT HALL TRAP THE FISH CERTAIN SNATCH REDUCED ROTATION LATERAL FORCE DIRECTION OPPOSITE SLASH ANATOMY HOMOLOGY LONG TAIL SLAP HERD SHOALS STRATEGIES THRESHER SHARKS SHOALING FISH EFFECTIVE SHOAL CONCENTRATED COLLETTE DOMENICI RAISE THEMSELVES WIPE BILLS TURNING FINS STABILIZE BODIES PO