UNIVERSE ASTRONOMY LOGIN GUIDE SPACE CARNIVAL PHOTOS FORUM CONTACT PRIVACY RADAR VIEW VENUS TAKEN MAGELLAN SPACECRAFT GAPS THE PIONEER VENUS THE PLANET ARTICLE MATT WILLIAMS THE MORNING STAR THE EVENING STAR NATURAL OBJECT IN THE SKY HUMAN BEINGS AWARE TIME IMMEMORIAL EVEN THOUGH THOUSANDS HUMAN CULTURE THE BEGINNING OF RECORDED HISTORY THE PLANET VITAL ROLE MYTHOLOGY ASTROLOGICAL SYSTEMS THE DAWN OF THE MODERN AGE INTEREST OBSERVATIONS POSITION CHANGES SIMILAR EARTH TAUGHT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM SURFACE AREA VOLUME MASSIVE ORBITS THE SUN AVERAGE DISTANCE ALMOST ECCENTRICITY IN FACT ORBIT CIRCULAR ORBIT PLANET THE SOLAR SYSTEM SIZE COMPARISON LIES INFERIOR CONJUNCTION CLOSEST APPROACH TAKES ONCE AROUND THE SUN MEANING OTHER PLANETS ROTATE CLOCKWISE TAKING COMPLETE THIS IS NOT ROTATION PERIOD MEANS LASTS LONGER COMPOSITION SURFACE LITTLE DIRECT INFORMATION AVAILABLE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF DENSITY SCIENTISTS BELIEVE SHARE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF EARTH THE VENUSIAN CORE BELIEVED LIQUID TWO PLANETS COOLING DIFFERENCE LACK EVIDENCE PLATE TECTONICS CRUST STRONG WITHOUT WATER MAKE IT LESS RESULTS REDUCED HEAT LOSS THE POSSIBILITY INTERNAL HEAT MAJOR RESURFACING POSSIBLE REASON INTERNALLY MAGNETIC THE MANTLE THE CORE INNER LAYER WIKIPEDIA COMMONS APPEARS VOLCANIC ACTIVITY TIMES VOLCANOES 100KM PRESENCE OCEANIC CRUST SUBJECT TO SUBDUCTION PLATE BOUNDARIES AVERAGE MILLION YEARS BE 300 ONGOING MISSIONS PERFORMED THE SOVIET PROGRAM 1970S RECENTLY THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY DETECTED LIGHTNING STORMS EXPERIENCE RAINFALL SULFURIC THE LIGHTNING CAUSED VOLCANIC ERUPTION RISE AND FALL OF SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS THE ATMOSPHERE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS INFRARED SPOTS BE IN THE RANGE THE SURFACE LAVA PRESERVATION IMPACT CRATERS THOUSAND RANGE SMALLER THAN EXIST THE EFFECT DENSE ATMOSPHERE INCOMING PERSPECTIVE MAAT MONS DATA MAGELLAN LESS THAN CERTAIN AMOUNT KINETIC ENERGY DOWN SO MUCH DO NOT CREATE IMPACT CRATER PROJECTILES 50 METERS DIAMETER FRAGMENT BURN UP REACHING CARBON DIOXIDE ATMOSPHERIC THE PRESSURE HOTTEST MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE CLOUDS THE STRONGEST GREENHOUSE EFFECT ABOVE SULFURIC ACID DROPLETS SCATTER SUNLIGHT EFFECTIVELY VIRTUALLY VARIATION SURFACE TEMPERATURE BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT THE EQUATOR THE POLES MINUTE AXIAL TILT SEASONAL TEMPERATURE THE ONLY HIGHEST POINT MAXWELL MONTES THEREFORE THE COOLEST POINT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE COMMON PHENOMENA REACH SPEEDS UP TO THE CLOUD TOPS CIRCLE EARTH DAYS WINDS MOVE UP THE SPEED FASTEST ROTATIONAL SPEED FLYBYS THE CLOUDS INTERMITTENT APPEARANCE PATTERN WEATHER RATE HALF HISTORICAL ANCIENTS PEOPLES CULTURES THOUGHT CELESTIAL OBJECTS BABYLONIANS AS INDICATED VENUS TABLET OF AMMISADUQA 6TH CENTURY BCE SCIENTIFIC IDENTIFIED GODDESS OF LOVE THE ROMAN NAME ISHTAR THE GREEKS THE ROMANS DESIGNATED MORNING ASPECT EVENING VESPER LITERAL TRANSLATIONS GREEK NAMES TRANSIT VISIBLE NASA THE TRANSIT OF VENUS FRONT THE PERSIAN ASTRONOMER CLOSER ANDALUSIAN IBN BAJJAH BLACK TRANSITS OF VENUS MERCURY IRANIAN SHIRAZI THE 13TH MODERN THE EARLY ENGLISH JEREMIAH HORROCKS DECEMBER 4TH WILLIAM CRABTREE FELLOW FRIEND SAME TIME GALILEO GALILEI PHASES CRESCENT GIBBOUS VICE ORBITED CHALLENGE GEOCENTRIC MODEL ADVOCACY HELIOCENTRIC MODEL DISCOVERED RUSSIAN POLYMATH MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV GERMAN JOHANN SCHRTER SCHRTER THIN THIS WAS THE SCATTERING