CLIMATE OF MARS ISSUE SCIENTIFIC CURIOSITY CENTURIES MARS THE ONLY TERRESTRIAL PLANET WHOSE SURFACE DETAIL THE EARTH HELP TELESCOPE EARTHS MASS THE SUN CLIMATE POLAR ICE CAP SEASON CHANGES OBSERVABLE PRESENCE WEATHER PATTERNS SUSTAINED STUDY CLIMATOLOGISTS SEASONS ICE AGE THERMAL INERTIA MARS ATMOSPHERE SCALE HEIGHT GREATER THAN RELEVANCE THE QUESTION WHETHER PRESENT INTEREST IN THE NEWS NASA MEASUREMENTS SUBLIMATION THE SOUTH POLAR ICECAP LEADING POPULAR PRESS SPECULATION PARALLEL GLOBAL WARMING AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ACTUALLY COOLED RECENT DECADES INSTRUMENTS THE CENTURY THE EXPLORATION OF MARS OBSERVATION FLYBY ORBITAL SPACECRAFT DATA FROM ABOVE DIRECT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS NUMBER ADVANCED EARTH TODAY CONTINUE USEFUL BIG PICTURE OBSERVATIONS WEATHER MARTIAN MISSION MARINER QUICK PASS LIMITED TERMS CONTRIBUTION THE STATE MISSIONS GAPS EARNEST VIKING PROGRAM MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER OBSERVATIONAL WORK TYPE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTER SIMULATION MARS GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL ITERATIONS OF UNDERSTANDING LIMITS GIACOMO MARALDI DETERMINED SOUTHERN POLE THE OPPOSITION POLAR CAPS VARIABILITY WILLIAM HERSCHEL DENSITY THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE PAPER ENTITLED REMARKABLE POLAR REGIONS THE PLANET INCLINATION THE POSITION SPHEROIDAL FIGURE HINTS REAL DIAMETER FAINT STARS CLOSE BRIGHTNESS HERSCHEL LITTLE HONORE FLAUGERGUES DISCOVERY YELLOW CLOUDS THE SURFACE MARTIAN DUST FLAUGERGUES POLAR ICE PROVED DATING SYSTEMS GEOLOGICAL TIME CRATER THREE AGES NOACHIAN HESPERIAN AMAZONIAN THE OTHER MINERALOGICAL MODELING INFORMATION THE PRESENT MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE CARBON DIOXIDE DEPOSITS CLAY MINERAL FORMATION CONDITIONS CLAY CARBON DIOXIDE ENVIRONMENT ALWAYS DISSOLVED VOLCANIC THE DISCOVERY OF MINERALS HEMATITE JAROSITE THE OPPORTUNITY ROVER GOETHITE THE SPIRIT THE CONCLUSION CLIMATIC DISTANT PAST FOR FREE WATER ON MARS MORPHOLOGY THE GROUND GEOMORPHIC LANDSCAPE RATES VALLEY NETWORKS WETTER BILLION YEARS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS MARTIAN METEORITE SUGGESTS AMBIENT BELOW THE LAST SCIENTISTS THE GREAT MASS THARSIS VOLCANOES MAJOR INFLUENCE GIVE WATER VAPOR ENOUGH GAS COVER THE WHOLE MARTIAN SURFACE DEPTH GREENHOUSE GAS PLANET TRAPS HEAT INFRARED RADIATION ONCE OCEANS LAKES PROVEN CONSTRUCT GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS PRODUCE TEMPERATURES ABOVE POINT SIMPLY PROBLEMS CALIBRATING CIRCULATION FOR ANY LACKS VARIATION MARS ORBITER CAMERA BEGINNING COVERING SHOW BE MORE HENCE OF EARTH EVENT PARTICULAR AVAILABLE AS IT THE NEXT NEARLY PHOENIX LANDER PICTURES SNOW FALLING CLOUDS ABOVE LANDING SITE HEIMDAL CRATER PRECIPITATION REACHING PHENOMENON VIRGA MARS DUST STORMS KICK UP FINE PARTICLES THE ATMOSPHERE HIGH UP TO THE CLOUDS SEEN SUNLIGHT DARKNESS OF THE NIGHT LOOK SIMILAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS ALSO KNOWN AS NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS OUR PLANET THE SPACE INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES RADIO ASTRONOMY ORBITERS RADIO OCCULTATION PERFORM AERONOMY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ALREADY SPECTROSCOPY PRESSURE OCCULTATIONS MEASURE PROPERTIES TRANSECTS TRAJECTORIES EXITS DISK RESULTS INCREASE RADIO DUAL FLYBYS PLUS THE SOVIET INFRARED RADIANT ENERGY RADIOMETER SPECTROMETER MARS ORBIT VIKING THERMAL CORROBORATE REMOTE SENSING IN SITU LANDER METROLOGY SENSORS VALUES REPORTED COMMON VALUE REACH THE EQUATOR THE POLES VIKING LANDERS RANGE SOIL VIKING ORBITER MAXIMUM DAYTIME AIR TEMPERATURE THE SHADE EXCEPT IN WINTER BASIS NORTHERN SPRING SUMMER IDENTICAL LEVEL EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOMEWHAT UNEXPECTED UNDERSTOOD VARIANCE DUST STORMS LOW TEMPERATURE DECREASE PEAK AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE MODERATE UPPER BEFORE AND AFTER MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY THE MICROWAVE ARCMINUTE THE DISK GLOBAL MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER EXTENT MARS ODYSSEY THEMIS REPRODUCE MICROWAVE MARS CLIMATE SOUNDER DERIVE ATMOSPHERIC PROFILES GENERALLY COLDER DUST LOADING VIKING MISSION PREVIOUSLY VERSUS PERIHELION PERIODS APHELION ATMOSPHERE OF MARS LESS CLIMATOLOGY TAKING ACCOUNT WILSON RICHARDSON REVISIONS RECORD ATTEMPTED MERGE DISCONTINUOUS MEASURABLE TREND GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ERAS STRONG DICHOTOMY PARADIGM ANNUAL CYCLE RICH ICE RATHER WATER HIGHER ATMOSPHERIC DUST INSTRUMENT ABLE OPERATE BRIEF PERIOD MARS EXPRESS BE USED TO SPAN REPORT POSSIBLE COOLING ACCOUNTING COOLER EARLY ATMOSPHERE RAISED FREEZING POINT THE HIGHER RUNNING THE MANY CHANNELS OUTFLOW VALLEYS MAYBE RESEARCHERS TIMES RESEARCH PUBLISHED IN SEPTEMBER THE IDEA THE EARLY MANY YEARS ORBITING THOUGHT SOLAR WIND DISCOVERED PROCESS ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT STRIKE BREAKING CARBON MONOXIDE PHOTON SUBSEQUENTLY BREAK OXYGEN GET ENOUGH ENERGY ESCAPE THE LIGHT ISOTOPE LEAVE LEFT HEAVY HIGHER LEVEL RECENTLY CURIOSITY ROVER SITS MEAN SURFACE PRESSURE PASCALS THIS IS THAT REACT MUCH MORE QUICKLY INPUT EARTHS ATMOSPHERE SUBJECT TO TIDES SOLAR HEATING GRAVITATIONAL TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE GREATER FREEZING LIQUID WATER UNSTABLE WATERS TRIPLE AREAS HELLAS PLANITIA IMPACT BASIN LARGEST IT IS SO DEEP AT THE BOTTOM EXIST MEANS WHEN THE SUN DAILY AWAY WINDS DEVELOP THE SOIL MORNING AND EVENING AKIN TO THE SEA ANTARES PROJECT IDENTIFIED MINOR WEAKNESSES CURRENT PRIMITI