TODAY ISTANBUL THE SITE HUMAN SETTLEMENT THREE THOUSAND YEARS THE SETTLEMENT THRACIAN TRIBES CENTURIES WHOSE NAME LYGOS COLONISED THE GREEKS THE CENTURY FELL THE ROMAN REPUBLIC BYZANTIUM CONSTANTINOPLE CAPITAL THE ROMAN EMPIRE LATE ANTIQUITY ROSE LARGEST THE WESTERN WORLD POPULATION PEAKING CLOSE HALF THE CAPITAL THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE MUSLIM CONQUEST THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DECLINED MEDIEVAL PERIOD HISTORICAL SIZE BEIJING LONDON THE COURSE THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY ANKARA NATIVE SOLE OFFICIAL NAME TURKISH TRADITIONAL WESTERN LANGUAGES HUMANS LIVED AREA NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT DATES DISCOVERED CONSTRUCTION THE SUBWAY STATION MARMARAY TUNNEL HISTORIC PENINSULA THE EUROPEAN THE FIRST HUMAN THE COPPER ARTIFACTS DATING NEARBY CHALCEDON PORT PHOENICIA FIRST NAME ON LEAVING THE DARDANELLES THE BAY PROMONTORY THE GOLDEN HORN THE TOWN FREE MILES DURAZZO PLINY THE ELDER NEIGHBOURING FISHING VILLAGE WALLS BELONGING SERAGLIO POINT FAMOUS PALACE THE ONLY ASIAN THUS ACCEPTED GAVE RISE BYZANTION THE NEXT BELIEVED ORIGIN THE GREEK DERIVED PERSONAL NAME BYZAS ANCIENT GREEK LEGEND LEGENDARY KING THE LEADER COLONISTS EPONYMOUS FOUNDER CAPE MODA LOCATION SETTLERS MEGARA CHOSE COLONIZE PRIOR COLONIZING THE BOSPHORUS THE COMMAND ANCIENT PERIOD THE ACROPOLIS USED TO STAND SIDING PESCENNIUS NIGER VICTORIOUS SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS BESIEGED ROME SUFFERED DAMAGE REBUILT EMPEROR SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS QUICKLY PREVIOUS AUGUSTA ANTONINA HONOR THE LOCATION CONSTANTINE THE GREAT PROPHET DREAM SAID TO IDENTIFIED TRUE REASON BEHIND PROPHECY PROBABLY CONSTANTINES FINAL VICTORY LICINIUS THE BATTLE CHRYSOPOLIS THE CIVIL WAR TETRARCHY NICOMEDIA EAST SENIOR ROMAN NOVA ROMA EVENTUALLY CONSTANTINOPOLIS CITY OF OFFICIALLY DEATH THEODOSIUS PERMANENT PARTITION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE THE COMBINATION IMPERIALISM PLAY ROLE THE CROSSING POINT CONTINENT EUROPE ASIA MAGNET AFRICA TERMS COMMERCE CULTURE DIPLOMACY STRATEGY THE CENTER WORLD BYZANTINE PERIOD CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY ONTO REIGN STATE RELIGION OF THE ROMAN TURNED THRIVING RELIGIOUS AFTER THE END CONSTANTINE THREE SONS JOINT HEIRS SYSTEM THE SONS GOVERN WAR RIVALRY SPLIT THE EMPIRE THE BALKAN THE TERRITORY DIED LEAVING ARCADIUS EMPEROR EASTERN HONORIUS THE WESTERN FIFTH CENTURY POWER DECLINE ECONOMIC SOCIAL THE LAST WESTERN GERMANIC MERCENARIES FLOURISHING EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE CLASSIFIED DISTINGUISH GREEK THE CENTRE GREEK ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY MAGNIFICENT HAGIA SOPHIA ONCE WORLDS CATHEDRAL SEAT PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE SPIRITUAL LEADER EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH BYZANTINE BOUNDARIES PALESTINE THE TIP ACHIEVEMENTS CHURCH ORGANIZED LAW THE CODEX GREATEST INFLUENCE WARFARE KEPT ALLIANCE BREAK AWAY DISAGREED DISTINGUISHING INVOLVED ICONS IMAGES CHRISTIAN HOLY PEOPLE JESUS CHRIST THE VIRGIN MARY CHRISTIANS REPRESENTATIONS DAILY LIVES THE ICONS TESTED AUTHORITIES FINALLY EMPEROR LEO III THE DESTRUCTION OF RULERS IMPERIAL POWER FIERCE OPPOSITION TO TOLERANCE THE PAPACY PERMIT SACRED CAUSED SEPARATION HATRED COOPERATION DEVELOPED COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS EMERGING ADVANCED STATE THAT TIME KIEV PRINCES MARRIED DAUGHTERS CONNECTION CHRISTIANIZED VLADIMIR THE GREAT OF KIEV ALWAYS FRIENDLY TIMES THOSE YEARS FORCING SIGN INCREASINGLY THE PRIMARY CHRONICLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS EUROPEAN NATIONS EACH OTHER FAILURE THE THIRD CRUSADE EUROPEANS CAPTURE THE HOLY CITY JERUSALEM THE FOURTH CRUSADE THIS TIME PLAN WAS TO ARMIES CAPTURED THE POPE THE CRUSADERS IN THE CITY BALDWIN OF FLANDERS THE VENETIANS DIVIDED THEMSELVES NEVER NEW LATIN LASTED MICHAEL VIII PALAEOLOGUS OUTLYING TERRITORY AFTER THIS FORMER GLORY RATHER COLLECTION GHOST TOWN IBN BATTUTA SOWN FIELDS LESS THAN TENTH OTTOMAN KOSTANTINIYYE ARABIC MINORITIES NAME IT CONQUEST EMPIRES COLLAPSE SULTAN MEHMED II THE CONQUEROR SIEGE CANNON TORN HUGE HOLE IN THE WALLS THEODOSIUS II THE THIRD MEHMED BEGUN THE SIEGE HIRED ENGINEERS BUILD CANNONS BOMBS ACQUIRED SCHOLARS ENCOURAGE ACCORDANCE SHARIAH BYZANTINE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE PALAEOLOGUS CHANCES SURRENDER SAFETY BELIEFS REFUSED MONTH ADVISORS BEGINNING THE NIGHT BEFORE FINAL ASSAULT ATTEMPTS POTENTIALLY THE MORNING OF THE SULTAN ADZAN CALL THIS WAS REGULAR PRAYER SESSION REASONS SCARE TACTIC THE SIGHT ENTIRE OTTOMAN ARMY PRAY DISPLAY UNITY MINDS FIGHTING THE WALL SENT LETTER IN RESPONSE SHIPS FULL WEAPONS DEFENSE TACTIC BLOCKING HIS PEOPLE PAVE PATH OILED TREE BRANCHES ORDER EIGHTY THE GULF THE ENEMY ONES NAVAL BYZANTINE ARMY STILL HOLDING ON THOUGHT SECRET MOBILE TOWER HOLD SOLDIERS LEVEL EASIER BREAK FIRST GROUP OTTOMANS ALMOST IMMEDIATELY THE EFFECT THE OTHER MUSLIMS WITNESSING SOON SULTANS BROKE LAST ATTEMPT PROTECT ATTACKED SWORD RAISED OTTOMAN RULE GATE RODE HORSE IMAM MEET CHANT MUSLIM CREED TESTIFY THERE IS NO GOD BUT ALLAH MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET MOSQUE SOLIDIFYING RULE THREE DAYS PERSECUTION CIVILIAN INHABITANTS THOUSANDS RAPES FORCED CONCERN HAD TO REBUILDING DEFENSES BUILDING PROJECTS REPAIR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW PALACE ORDERS JEWS SHOULD FIVE THOUSAND HOUSEHOLDS DEPORTED ENERGY PROSPERITY QUARTERS PIOUS AREAS THEO