THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT THE WORLD OF IDEAS EUROPE RANGE REASON PRIMARY SOURCE AUTHORITY ADVANCE IDEALS FRATERNITY CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE THE CENTRAL DOCTRINES LIBERTY RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN OPPOSITION ABSOLUTE MONARCHY FIXED DOGMAS THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH MARKED EMPHASIS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD REDUCTIONISM QUESTIONING RELIGIOUS ORTHODOXY FRENCH TRADITIONALLY THE YEAR LOUIS XIV THE BEGINNING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION RECENT BEGIN PERIOD START THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION MEETINGS SCIENTIFIC MASONIC LODGE COFFEE HOUSES PRINTED BOOKS THE AUTHORITY THE MONARCHY PAVED THE WAY POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS CENTURIES VARIETY LIBERALISM TRACE INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE PHILOSOPHERS WHOSE WORK FRANCIS BACON DESCARTES JOHN LOCKE BARUCH SPINOZA THE MAJOR CESARE BECCARIA VOLTAIRE DENIS DIDEROT ROUSSEAU DAVID HUME ADAM SMITH IMMANUEL KANT EUROPEAN CATHERINE II OF RUSSIA JOSEPH II OF AUSTRIA FREDERICK II OF PRUSSIA TRIED APPLY ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM BENJAMIN FRANKLIN THOMAS JEFFERSON AMERICA POLITICAL DEBATE THE UNITED STATES DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED PUBLICATION PUBLISHED COMPILED JEAN LE ROND DALEMBERT TEAM SCIENTISTS HELPED SPREAD LANDMARK PUBLICATIONS DICTIONNAIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE LETTERS ON THE ENGLISH DISCOURSE ON INEQUALITY THE SOCIAL CONTRACT ADAM THE WEALTH OF NATIONS MONTESQUIEU SPIRIT OF THE LAWS MAJOR ROLE INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT ROMANTICISM PARIS THE CENTER EXPLOSION PHILOSOPHIC ACTIVITY TRADITIONAL SOCIETY RATHER FAITH CATHOLIC DOCTRINE CIVIL ORDER NATURAL FOR SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS PHILOSOPHER THE IDEA SEPARATION OF POWERS IN CONCEPT ENTHUSIASTICALLY AUTHORS THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION PHILOSOPHES FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT REVOLUTIONARIES THE NOBILITY UNDERMINING LEGITIMACY THE OLD REGIME SHAPING DISTINCT LINES RADICAL INSPIRED THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPINOZA ADVOCATING FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION MODERATE CHRISTIAN WOLFF ISAAC NEWTON REFORM TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF POWER THOUGHT CONSERVATIVE FRANCIS HUTCHESON MORAL UTILITARIAN CONSEQUENTIALIST PRINCIPLE VIRTUE THAT WHICH GREATEST HAPPINESS NUMBERS NATURE MODERN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND RELIGION DEVELOPED HUME FIGURE SKEPTICAL PHILOSOPHICAL EMPIRICIST TRADITIONS RECONCILE RATIONALISM RELIGIOUS BELIEF INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM POLITICAL AUTHORITY VIEW THE PUBLIC SPHERE PRIVATE PUBLIC REASON SHAPE GERMAN INDEED EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT ENGLANDS FEMINIST SHOULD RATIONAL BEINGS VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN SCIENCE PLAY LEADING DISCOURSE WRITERS SCIENCES ADVANCEMENT OVERTHROW RELIGION TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY DEVELOPMENT OF FREE SPEECH SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS THE DISCOVERY OF CARBON DIOXIDE CHEMIST JOSEPH BLACK THE ARGUMENT DEEP TIME GEOLOGIST JAMES HUTTON INVENTION STEAM ENGINE JAMES WATT LAVOISIER USED TO CREATE CHEMICAL PLANTS IN PARIS MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS LAUNCH MANNED FLIGHT BALLOON DE LA THE BOIS DE BOULOGNE EMPIRICISM EMBEDDED IDEAL THE STUDY HEADING NATURAL PHILOSOPHY DIVIDED PHYSICS GROUPING CHEMISTRY NATURAL HISTORY ANATOMY GEOLOGY MINERALOGY ZOOLOGY BENEFITS SEEN DISTANCING PEOPLE SOCIETIES ACADEMIES UNIVERSITIES SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH BACKBONE MATURATION DEVELOPMENT POPULARIZATION INCREASINGLY PHILOSOPHE THE PUBLIC SCIENTIFIC THEORIES NEWTONIANISM THE CENTURY DRAB THE HISTORY OF SAW THE PRACTICE MEDICINE MATHEMATICS BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY UNDERSTANDING MAGNETISM ELECTRICITY THE FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN THE CREATORS KNOWLEDGE IN CONTRAST SCHOLASTICISM RETAINED LINKS CONTEMPORARY SOURCES DISTINGUISHED UTILITY TRANSMISSION THE ROLE INSTITUTIONALIZED LEARNED SOCIETIES THE CORNERSTONE ORGANIZED CHARTERED THE STATE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE PERMISSION CONTROL THE ELECTION ADMINISTRATION OF TREMENDOUS NUMBER WERE OVER SEVENTY REFERENCE BERNARD DE FONTENELLE TERM THE AGE DESCRIBE THE INFLUENCE POETRY LITERATURE METAPHOR POEMS WRITTEN SIR RICHARD BLACKMORE COMMITTED SYSTEM VERSE POEM SEVEN NEWTONS DEATH HIS HONOUR JAMES THOMSON THE MEMORY THE LOSS SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT SCIENCE OF MAN HISTORICALLY JAMES BURNETT ADAM FERGUSON JOHN MILLAR WILLIAM ROBERTSON WHOM MERGED SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMANS ANCIENT PRIMITIVE CULTURES STRONG AWARENESS DETERMINING MODERNITY SOCIOLOGY CONCEPTS JAMES MADISON THUS POPULARISED DUGALD STEWART BASIS CLASSICAL LIBERALISM FIRST WORK MODERN ECONOMICS IMPACT BRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY IMMEDIATELY BARON REFLECTIONS FORMATION DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH INDEBTEDNESS THE ORIGINAL ENGLISH JURIST THE GREAT FAMOUS MASTERPIECE CRIMES PUNISHMENTS TRANSLATED FRANCESCO MARIO PAGANO IN NAPLES THE CRIMINAL INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL FOUNDATION MODERN WESTERN MODERNIZATION TERMS INTRODUCING DEMOCRATIC VALUES THE CREATION LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES THESIS ACCEPTED ANGLOPHONE SCHOLARS ROBERT DARNTON ROY PORTER RECENTLY JONATHAN ISRAEL GOVERNANCE PHILOSOPHY SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY SUBJECT PERMEATED THE ENGLISH THOMAS HOBBES DEBATE LEVIATHAN HOBBES THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIBERAL THOUGHT THE RIGHT THE NATURAL EQUALITY ARTIFICIAL CHARACTER POLITICAL ORDER DIS