CULTURE OF ALBANIA SOCIAL NAVIGATION FORUM CULTURES ALBANIA CULTURE NAME ALBANIAN ALTERNATIVE NAMES THE INTERNATIONAL TERMS THE ROOT THE SOURCE THE WORD ARBERESH USED TO DESCRIBE SOUTHERN ROOT APPEARS LABERIA REFERRING REGION VLORE SOUTHWARD THE GREEK EARLY SLAVIC RABAN RELATED TURKISH GREEK WORDS ALBANIANS THE ALBANIAN DESIGNATION SHQIPTAR SHQIP SHQIPERIA AUSTRIAN LINGUIST GUSTAV MEYER VERB SPEAK LATIN LISTEN ALBANOLOGIST MAXIMILIAN LAMBERTZ CONNECTION SYMBOL EXPLANATION SIMPLY BE FOLK ETYMOLOGY THE REASON WHY THEMSELVES DIVIDED CULTURAL NORTHERN GHEGS SPELLED GEOGRAPHIC BORDER RUNS SHKUMBIN RIVER FLOWS THE CENTRAL TOWN OF ELBASAN ADRIATIC SEA NORTH SHKUMBIN ALBANIANS OF MONTENEGRO MACEDONIA GHEG DIALECTS CHARACTERISTIC NASALIZATION SOUTH ALBANIANS OF GREECE SOUTHWESTERN TOSK RHOTACISM DIALECT CULTURAL DIFFERENCES THE GHEGS TOSKS BOTH SIDES THE COMMON NATIONAL ETHNIC LOCATION LIVE IN ETHNICALLY COMPACT AREAS THE SOUTHWEST THE BALKAN THE REPUBLIC OF CAPITAL CITY TIRANA REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO HOUSES PERCENT MOUNTAINOUS COUNTRY ADRIATIC COAST HEEL OF ITALY THE MINORITY LIVING MAJORITY ETHNIC GREEKS BORDERED TO THE NORTH REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO MINORITY REGIONS TOWNS TRADITIONALLY THE NORTHEAST DE JURE THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF THE KOSOVO FREE SOVEREIGN REPUBLIC SERBS MUST INTEGRAL PART SERB MINORITIES ENCLAVES PRESHEVA BUJANOVC SOUTHERN SERBIA THE EAST THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC MACEDONIAN BITOLA COMMUNITIES THE WESTERN CENTERS TETOVA GOSTIVAR DIBRA STRUGA ALBANIANS IN MACEDONIA GREECE ARVANITES POPULATED CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LATE MIDDLE AGES ARBERISHT ARVANITIKA EXTENT THREE HUNDRED TWENTY BOEOTIA SOUTHERN ITALY SUBSTANTIAL THE DESCENDANTS REFUGEES FLED DEATH THE MOUNTAIN COSENZA CALABRIA PALERMO ADDITION TRADITIONAL EMIGRANTS CENSUS TOTAL POPULATION ALBANIANS IN KOSOVO THOUSAND THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA PEOPLE UNAVAILABLE GOVERNMENT THE EXISTENCE ESTIMATES HIGH THE HIGH LEVEL EMIGRATION CENTRAL EUROPE SWITZERLAND THE LAST TEN YEARS EMIGRATED THE UNITED AFFILIATION MEMBER THE MAJOR BRANCHES PRESENCE THE BALKANS ANCIENT TIMES EXACT ANCESTRY LANGUAGE RADICAL TRANSFORMATIONS TAKEN CENTURIES REDUCTION WORD LENGTH EXTREME ALTERATIONS WHETHER STEMS NEITHER MATTER THEORY OF ORIGIN THE ONE ACCEPTED RAISED STATE LITTLE EVIDENCE PROVE DISPROVE ILLYRIAN LANGUAGE STRATA SLAVIC OLDER SYNTHETIC LANGUAGE SIMILAR STRUCTURE NOUNS MARKED CASE VAST MASCULINE NEUTER NOUNS NOMINAL SYSTEM DISTINGUISHES ACCUSATIVE GENITIVE DATIVE ALWAYS QUALIFY CONNECTIVE VERBS THREE PERSONS ADMIRATIVE EXPRESS PARTICULAR FEATURES BALKAN LANGUAGES DEFINITE ARTICLE THE ABSENCE VERBAL MUCH IN COMMON CLOSE REGIONAL SUCH THAT VERBAL COMMUNICATION STANDARD LITERARY LANGUAGE ORTHOGRAPHY CONGRESS NOVEMBER 1972 THE LAST THREE DECADES VIRTUALLY PUBLICATIONS EDUCATION STANDARD ALBANIAN THE STRUCTURE POLITICAL POWER THAT TIME COMMUNIST ALBANIA SUBJECT REMAINS INTELLECTUALS RECENT THE POSSIBILITY SEEMS PROBABLY SURVIVE THE CURRENT TURMOIL MONOLINGUAL VIEW THE STRONG CULTURAL INFLUENCE OF ITALIAN TELEVISION ITALIAN UNDERSTOOD KOSOVO ALBANIANS UNDERSTAND PRAYER ROOM THE MOSQUE ETEM THE CAPITAL IRONICALLY BELGRADE AUTHORITIES WILLFULLY EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM KOSOVO INCREASING NUMBER YOUNG EDUCATED LONGER THE NATIONAL CAPACITY THE EAGLE STONE CARVING DATING ALBANIAN PRINCIPALITY ARBANON HERALDIC FAMILIES BLACK EAGLE HERO FLAG THE BANNER THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY THE NATIONALIST RESISTANCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE BANNERS FREEDOM FIGHTERS AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE BEARING OFFICIALLY MARK THE DECLARATION ALBANIAN INDEPENDENCE ORAL LITERATURE FREEDOM HEROISM REFER TO POPULARITY SIMILARITY THE WORDS BELOVED PRINCE REAL GEORGE SENT FATHER HOSTAGE SULTAN MURAD CONVERTED TO ISLAM ISKANDER RANK NISH BY JOHN CORVINUS ABANDONED OTTOMAN EMBRACED FORTRESS KRUJA COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF INDEPENDENT ALBANIAN ARMY THIRTEEN INVASIONS THE CHRISTIAN WORLD ATHLETA CHRISTI POPE CALIXTUS III DIED 17 JANUARY LEZHA ALBANIAN RESISTANCE DECADE AFTERWARD EXPERIENCED OTTOMAN RULE FOREIGN DOMINATION INSPIRATION WRITTEN COMMON HOMES FIND BUST PORTRAIT ETHNIC RELATIONS EMERGENCE NATIVE BALKAN IDEOLOGY RELATIONSHIP THE ANCIENT ILLYRIANS HISTORICAL FIRST MILLENNIUM C AFFIRM DENY THE RELATIONSHIP POSTCLASSICAL RECORDED HISTORY THE SECOND HALF ELEVENTH CENTURY DEGREE CERTAINTY WRITTEN IN BYZANTINE HISTORIAN MICHAEL ATTALEIATES ALBANOI REVOLT CONSTANTINOPLE ARBANITAI THE DUKE DYRRACHIUM THE HISTORIAN JOHN SCYLITZES FORMING TROOPS DURRES NICEPHORUS BASILACIUS MOUNTAIN HOMELAND ELEVENTH TWELFTH TAKING POSSESSION COASTLINE THIRTEENTH CENTURY TOWARD WESTERN MACEDONIA THE MIDDLE FOURTEENTH CENTURY THESSALY ACARNANIA FIFTEENTH CENTURY MARKS THE END PROCESS SETTLED HALF GREAT NUMBERS THE MAJORITY HERDING NOMADIC PEOPLE DO NOT SEEM URBAN CENTERS CITIES COAST THE MIDDLE AGES THE VENETIANS BYZANTINE GREEKS PROPORTION TURKISH INVASION IN OTHER WORDS MARGINALIZED OTTOMAN PERIOD SETTLE ACQUIRE NATION RATHER NOMADIC THE NINETEENTH CENTURY COLLECTIVE IDENTITY ELSEWHERE DEFINED THE STATE PRECEPT MILLET ISLAMIC FA