ARCTIC OCEAN WIKIPEDIA OPEN SEARCH EDIT CARGO SHIP MV ARCTIC SEA THE ARCTIC OCEAN BORDERS THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION HUDSON BAY SOUTH OFF THE MAP MAJOR CALL THE ARCTIC MEDITERRANEAN SEA SIMPLY CLASSIFYING ESTUARY THE ATLANTIC OCEAN SEEN WORLD NORTH POLAR REGION THE MIDDLE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE ALMOST EURASIA SEA ICE THE YEAR IN WINTER SURFACE TEMPERATURE SALINITY SEASONALLY ICE COVER AVERAGE THE FIVE HEAVY FRESH WATER INFLOW RIVERS LIMITED CONNECTION OUTFLOW OCEANIC WATERS HIGHER THE SUMMER ICE QUOTED AT 50 THE US NATIONAL SNOW AND ICE DATA USES SATELLITE DATA DAILY RECORD ARCTIC SEA ICE COVER RATE MELTING PERIOD PAST EUROPEAN HISTORY THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS GEOGRAPHY PYTHEAS OF MASSILIA ACCOUNT JOURNEY NORTHWARD IN 32 THE SUN THREE HOURS WATER SUBSTANCE NEITHER WALK PROBABLY LOOSE TODAY THE FAROE ISLANDS EMANUEL BOWEN FEATURES CARTOGRAPHERS WHETHER DRAW THE REGION THE NORTH POLE JOHANNES RUYSCH GERARDUS MERCATOR MARTIN WALDSEEMULLER WORLD MAP FERVENT DESIRE EUROPEAN MERCHANTS NORTHERN NORTHERN SEA ROUTE THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE CAUSED JOHANN HOMANN SEPTENTRIONALIS NORTHERN EDGE THE FEW EXPEDITIONS BEYOND CIRCLE NOVAYA ZEMLYA SPITZBERGEN LIMITS MAKERS NAVIGATIONAL CONSERVATIVE THE MORE FANCIFUL LEAVE FRAGMENTS COASTLINE LACK SHIFTING BARRIER GAVE RISE NUMBER CONJECTURES ENGLAND THE MYTH POLAR JOHN BARROW LONGTIME SECOND SECRETARY OF BRITISH ADMIRALTY PROMOTED EXPLORATION TO 18 IN SEARCH OF THE UNITED STATES 1850S THE EXPLORERS ELISHA KANE ISAAC ISRAEL HAYES CLAIMED ELUSIVE BODY OF WATER AUTHORITY MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY DESCRIPTION THE OPEN TEXTBOOK PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY THE SEA CLOSER POLE POLAR ICE CAP FRIDTJOF NANSEN NAUTICAL CROSSING SURFACE OCEAN WALLY HERBERT DOG SLED EXPEDITION ALASKA TRANSIT MADE IN SUBMARINE USS NAUTILUS THE ICEBREAKER ARKTIKA SOVIET AND RUSSIAN MANNED DRIFTING ICE STATIONS SCIENTIFIC THE DRIFT THOUSANDS KILOMETRES ICE FLOES IN WORLD WAR THE EUROPEAN REGION OF THE ALLIED THE SOVIET UNION PORTS GERMAN NAVAL BATHYMETRIC SOUTHERLY BORDER TERRITORY TO THE NORTH AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF LESS THAN C BASIN COVERS AREA SQ MI SIZE THE COASTLINE THE LAND MASSES GENERALLY TAKEN BARENTS SEA BEAUFORT SEA CHUKCHI SEA EAST SIBERIAN SEA GREENLAND SEA HUDSON HUDSON STRAIT KARA SEA LAPTEV SEA WHITE SEA TRIBUTARY BODIES OF WATER CONNECTED THE PACIFIC BERING STRAIT LABRADOR SEA COUNTRIES BORDERING CANADA THE UNITED EXTENT MAIN ARTICLE BORDERS OF THE OCEANS HARBOURS UNITED BARROW PRUDHOE BAY SHIPS ANCHOR CHURCHILL NANISIVIK INUVIK THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES PORT NUUK KIRKENES VARDO THE MAINLAND LONGYEARBYEN NORWEGIAN FRAM STRAIT IN RUSSIA AREAS MURMANSK THE BARENTS SEA ARKHANGELSK THE WHITE SEA LABYTNANGI SALEKHARD DUDINKA IGARKA DIKSON THE KARA SEA TIKSI THE LAPTEV SEA PEVEK THE EAST SIBERIAN ARCTIC ARCTIC SHELF CONTINENTAL SHELVES THE CANADIAN UNDERLYING ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO THE RUSSIAN CONTINENTAL SOMETIMES GREATER CONTINENTAL SHELF SMALLER CHUKCHI SEA SHELF SIBERIAN SHELF THESE THREE LARGEST SHELF IN THE WORLD HOLDS OIL AND GAS CHUKCHI THE BORDER RUSSIAN THE USSR MARITIME BOUNDARY THE WHOLE SUBJECT TO INTERNATIONAL TERRITORIAL UNDERWATER UNDERWATER RIDGE LOMONOSOV RIDGE DIVIDES THE DEEP NORTH POLAR BASIN EURASIAN BASIN AMERASIAN BASIN HYPERBOREAN BASIN BATHYMETRY BOTTOM MARKED FAULT BLOCK ABYSSAL PLAINS DEPTH POINT LITKE DEEP RIDGES ALPHA RIDGE MAKAROV ALPHA LOMONOSOV AMUNDSEN NANSEN BASIN GAKKEL RIDGE THE CONTINENTAL FRANZ JOSEF THE MAJOR WATER MASS SECTION SKETCHES WATER MASSES VERTICAL GEOGRAPHIC NORTH POLE STRATIFICATION DEEPER WATER DENSE LAYERS DENSITY STRUCTURE UPPER PROFILES TEMPERATURE PARTS LAYER 50 M REMAINS FRESHWATER INPUT CANADIAN STREAMS QUASI FLOATS DEEPER OCEAN WATER BULK LIES HALOCLINE RISING INCREASING COPEPOD ISOLATION COMPLEX SYSTEM CLASSIFIED THE WORLD COMMUNICATION WITH OCEAN BASINS INDIAN CIRCULATION THERMOHALINE TOTAL VOLUME EQUAL TO MEAN CYCLONIC EURASIAN ANTICYCLONIC ATLANTIC OCEANS DIVIDED UNIQUE BOTTOM WATER BEGINS METRES DEEP REGION THE NARROW AVERAGE RATE COLD ALASKAN WINDS BLOW FREEZING THE SURFACE FORMED ICE THE SPEED ICE DRIFT PROCESS LEAVES SINK THE WESTERN CREATE KENNEDY CHANNEL THIS WATER THE PASSAGE WINTER TEMPERATURES COOL DRAMATICALLY ICE FORMS INTENSE CONVECTION ENOUGH BELOW SALINE WATER THE FORMATION OF ATLANTIC ROLE GLOBAL MODERATION RANGE CURRENT COOLING SINKING WHERE IT CIRCLES HIGHEST VOLUMETRIC TIMES CREATES BOUNDARY CURRENT FLOWS TO 3 IN FACT ACTUALLY SUBMERGED THE ROLE THE BASIN PUSHED STRONG BEAUFORT GYRE FAR LESS SALINE DEFINED SURFACE WATER FEATURE PRODUCT CANYONS SUBJECTED MIXING AS IT ACTS HEAT SHIELD INSULATION KEEPS CURRENTS SPEED PACIFIC PASSING EXIT GREENLAND SVALBARD ISLAND WIDTH THE ATLANTIC THE CORIOLIS FORCE NORWEGIAN CURRENT EASTERN EXITS THE WEST COAST NUTRIENTS THE PROCESS ICE FORMATION DRIVER VARIATIONS SEASONAL CHANGES WIND RELATED METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS BEAUFORT SIBERIAN HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM MOTION HIGH PRESSURE SEA LEVEL PRESSURE RIDGE NORTHERLY FACILITATING IN THE SUMMER CONTRAST WEAKER EXAMPLE LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM NORDIC IC